Helmet-Mounted Displays: - USAARL - The - U.S. Army

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Optical Performance 165 visually-coupled systems (VCS). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Armstrong Laboratory. AL/CF-SR-1995-0004. Task, H. L., Kocian, D. F., and Brindle, J. H. 1980. Helmet mounted displays: Design considerations, Advancement on Visualization Techniques, AGARD, No. 255. Travis, D. S., Bowles, S., Seton, J., and Peppe, R. 1992. Reading from color displays: A psychophysical model. Human Factors, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 147-156. Tsou, B. H. 1993. System design considerations for a visually coupled system. Emerging Systems and Technologies, Vol. 8 of The Infrared and Electro-Optics Systems Handbook, pp. 515-540. Venturino, M., and Wells, M. J. 1990. Head movements as a function of field-of-view size on a helmet-mounted display. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34 th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, Inc., pp. 1572-1576. Verona, R. W. 1992. Comparison of CRT display measurement techniques. Helmet Mounted Displays III, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 1695, pp. 117-127. Verona, R. W., Beasley, H. H., Martin, J. S., Klymenko, V., and Rash, C. E. 1994. Dynamic sine wave response measurements of CRT displays using sinusoidal counterphase modulation. Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology Design Requirements, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 2218, pp. 105-118. Wells, M. H., and Haas, M. 1992. The human factors of helmet-mounted displays and sights. Electro-optical displays, M. Karim, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 743-785. Wells, M. J., and Venturino, M. 1989. Head movements as a function of field-of-view size on a helmet-mounted display. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33 rd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, Inc., pp. 91-95. Westerink, J. H. D. M. and Roufs, J. A. J. 1989. Subjective image quality as a function of viewing distance, resolution, and picture size. SMPT J, 98:113-119. Widdel, H., and Post, D. L. 1992. Color in electronic displays. New York: Plenum Press. Zuckerman, J. 1954. Perimetry. Philadelphia: Loppincott. Appendix (Klymenko et al., 1997) Sample calculations for contrast figures of merit in an HMD design
166 Clarence E. Rash and William E. McLean For the HMD scenario depicted in Figure 1.11, assume a CRT (and optics) luminance of 800 fL and an ambient scene luminance of 3,000 fL. The 3000 fL passes through the aircraft canopy (T Canopy= 0.7), the visor (T Visor= 0.18 or 0.85), the spherical combiner (T SpherCom= 0.7), and the plano combiner (T PlanorCom= 0.6). Therefore, the luminance reaching the eye from the outside ambient scene (L Ambient-Eye) is L Ambien-Eye = (3000 fL)(T Canopy)(T Visor)(T SpherCom)(T PlanorCom) = (3000 fL)(0.7)(0.18)(0.7)(0.6) = 159 fL for the shaded visor, and = (3000 fL)(0.7)(0.85)(0.7)(0.6) = 750 fL for the clear visor. The 800 fL CRT luminance reflects off the plano (R PlanoCom= 0.4) and spherical (R planoCom= 0.7) combiners and passes back through the plano combiner (T PlanorCom= 0.6) to the eye. Therefore, the luminance from the CRT reaching the eye (L CRT-Eye) is (L CRT-Eye) = (800 fL)(R PlanoCom)(R planoCom)(T PlanorCom) = (800 fL)(0.4)(0.7)(0.6) = 134 fL. Since the luminance reaching the eye is a summation of light originating from both the ambient scene and the CRT, then for the purpose of the calculations, the target luminance is the sum of 750 fL and 134 fL for a total of 884 fL when using the clear visor, and the sum of 159 fL and 134 fL for a total of 293 fL when using the shaded visor. For the clear visor, the background luminance is 750 fL. For the shaded visor, the background luminance is 159 fL. Michelson contrast Michelson contrast is defined as follows
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Helmet-Mounted Displays: Design Iss
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The views, opinions, and/or finding
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vi Contents 4. Visual Coupling Clar
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viii Contents References ..........
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x Ben T. Mozo, Research Physicist U
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xii Foreword began its phenomenal e
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xiv Preface Acknowledgments The aut
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Introductory Overview 1 Clarence E.
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Introductory Overview 5 Figure 1.2.
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Introductory Overview 7 The trend f
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Introductory Overview 9
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Introductory Overview 11 aviator to
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Introductory Overview 13 1970's. Ta
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Introductory Overview 15 Image sour
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Introductory Overview 17
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Table 1.3. HMD performance figures-
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Introductory Overview 21 direct vie
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Introductory Overview 23 Figure 1.9
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Introductory Overview 25 Figure 1.1
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Introductory Overview 27 Ercoline,
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Introductory Overview 29 II, Procee
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Introductory Overview 31 Armstrong
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34 Clarence E. Rash, Melissa H. Led
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40 Liquid crystal Clarence E. Rash,
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Optical Designs 3 William E. McLean
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Optical Designs 57 and plotted in l
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Optical Designs 59 phosphors, (b) u
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Optical Designs 61 optics. Examples
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Optical Designs 63
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prism combiner. Optical Designs 65
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Figure 3.2. (continued) Optical Des
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Optical Designs 69
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Optical Designs 71 Figure 3.4. Comp
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Optical Designs 73 Figure 3.6. Opti
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Optical Designs 75 Figure 3.8. Refl
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Optical Designs 77 Figure 3.9. Ray
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Optical Designs 79 incidence and re
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80 Clarence E. Rash hinted at befor
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82 Clarence E. Rash metal tolerant
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84 Clarence E. Rash the performance
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86 Clarence E. Rash Figure 4.3. Hig
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88 Clarence E. Rash imagery in HMDs
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90 Clarence E. Rash as with ANVIS.
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92 Clarence E. Rash performance, on
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94 Clarence E. Rash effects on visu
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96 Clarence E. Rash concerning roll
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98 Aeromedical Research Laboratory.
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DESIGN ISSUES PART TWO
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102 Clarence E. Rash and William E.
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104 Contrast Clarence E. Rash and W
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Page 203 and 204: Biodynamics 7 B. Joseph McEntire He
Page 205 and 206: Biodynamics 187 behavior of this de
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Biodynamics 215 Desert Shield/Deser
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Biodynamics 217 Donelson, S. M., an
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219 Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aero
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220 Ben T. Mozo Figure 8.1. Noise l
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222 Ben T. Mozo available in the ne
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224 Ben T. Mozo Protectors”(ANSI,
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226 Ben T. Mozo language. Tests of
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228 Ben T. Mozo Figure 8.6. Speech
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230 Ben T. Mozo the communications
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232 Ben T. Mozo Item Mass (grams) C
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Ribera, J. E., and Mozo, B. T. Unda
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236 Joseph R. Licina operational us
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238 Joseph R. Licina Standard MIL-S
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240 Joseph R. Licina On electro-opt
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242 Joseph R. Licina For HMDs with
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244 Joseph R. Licina 1994b) that wi
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246 Joseph R. Licina Table 9.2. Hea
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248 Joseph R. Licina provided a 93.
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250 Joseph R. Licina and buckles, a
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252 Joseph R. Licina authorized to
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254 Joseph R. Licina a nuclear flas
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256 Joseph R. Licina requirements:
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HMD PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PART THR
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262 Clarence E. Rash, John C. Mora,
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Glossary 11
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270 making stereoposis possible. Bi
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272 John C. Mora and M elissa H. Le
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NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Melissa H. Le
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Notes on Contributors 281 Research
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284 Index Breakaway force (see Fran
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286 Index movement, 55, 80, 84, 90,
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288 Index 198, 204, 205, 208, 210,
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290 Index Microphone, 15, 186, 224,
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292 Index Speech intelligibility (S
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