A handbbok on Weed Control in Rice.pdf

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Paspalum distichum Paspalum distichum is a creeping perennial grass found in lowland ricefields (see page 22). Its underground growth system consists of adventitious roots and rhizomes. It tends to resist con- ventional weed control measures, including the use of herbicides, but is sensitive to shading. Cultural control Thorough land preparation is one way of controlling P. distichum. Frequent tillage reduces P. distichum problems. Cutting up rhizomes by tillage encour- ages dormant buds to sprout, deplet- ing the weeds food reserves. For long- term control, its rhizome must be killed. Because P. distichum is sensitive to shade, closely spaced, vigorous rice plants offer better competition against this weed than do widely spaced plants. Herbicides P. distichum is resistant to many preemergence herbicides used on rice. It is, however, susceptible to glyphosate applied at 2.0 kg ai/ha and moder- ately susceptible to paraquat. A pre- plant herbicide, such as glyphosate, used in combination with land preparation, improves control. Translocation of glyphosate into the rhizomes is best achieved when the glyphosate is applied on actively growing P. distichum with maximum leaf area. Integrated control Integration of cultural control and herbicides will give good control of P. distichum. 100 Weed control handbook Echinochloa species The genus Echinochloa, which includes about 50 weed species, includes some of the most important rice weeds. The most common are E. crus-galli, E. glabrescens, E. oryzoides, E. pyramidalis, and E. colona. E. crus-galli grows widely in both temperate and tropical regions (see page 16). Its world distribution ranges from 50° N to 40º S latitude. E. colona (see page 33) occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. E. glabrescens is found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, China, and southern Japan. E. pyramidalis is abundant in the floating rice areas of West Africa. E. crus-galli prefers moist conditions and continues to grow when submerged; E. colona ceases to grow when submerged. Rice yield losses from season-long competition with Echinochloa spp. can be as high as 90%. Echinochloa spp. are troublesome in rice because their ecological requirements are similar: at early growth stages, they resemble rice, and they accumulate considerable amounts of nutrients, to the disadvantage of rice. Moreover, these weeds compete with rice for light and moisture. Echinochloa spp. germinate earlier than direct seeded rice. During the first 3 wk of weed growth, profuse emergence of new leaves and vegetative growth of tillers and adventitious roots occur. Echinochloa spp. produce extremely large numbers of seeds, which ensure the weeds dispersal and reestablishment. Cultural control Crop rotation can effectively reduce Echinochloa spp. populations. Hand weeding Hand weeding is effective if done repeatedly, to remove succeeding flushes of weeds and weeds over- looked earlier due to their similarity to rice. Herbicides Several herbicides can selectively control Echinochloa spp. This include butachlor, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, thiobencarb, simetryn, molinate, propanil, chlomethoxynil, pretilachlor, and quinclorac. Preemergence and early postemergence applications are most effective because the weeds are most susceptible at the seedling stage. Weed resistance to herbicides increases with age. Butachlor applied preemergence inhibits the enzyme activity of Echinochloa spp., delays radicle emergence, and inhibits emergence of the root and primary leaf. Selectivity for propanil depends on the different levels of the hydrolyzing enzyme, which is high in rice but low in Echinochloa spp. Integrated control Echinochloa spp. can be managed effectively through an integrated approach. Because the weed is sensitive to shade, a vigorous rice stand (achieved with high planting density and high fertilizer application), combined with hand weeding or with preemergence or early postemergence herbicide, will lead to early rice canopy closure. Late-germinating Echinochloa spp. can be controlled by herbicides. A 10-20 cm water depth will generally suppress Echinochloa spp. weeds.
Wild rices The important wild rices are Oryza rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma & Shastry, O. longistaminata A. Chev. & Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud., and O. officinalis Wall. ex Watt. These wild rices resemble cultivated rice O. sativa. They are adapted to the environment of cultivated rice, are competitive, and have grains that are highly dormant and shatter easily. O. rufipogon is a problem in areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Surinam, Thailand, southern USA, Venezuela, and West Indies. A perennial weed, its mature seed has a long dormancy, shatters easily, and has a pigmented aleurone layer. O. nivara is an annual weed that occurs in drainage ditches and shallow ponds. Its seeds are highly dormant and shatter easily. O. longistaminata (synonym: Oryza perennis Moench) is a serious weed in most of West Africa. As a rhizomatous perennial grass, it propagates almost exclusively by vegetative multiplica- tion of rhizomes, which are produced prolifically. It thrives in medium to deep parts of flooded ricefields and in deep parts of poorly irrigated fields. It is very competitive and can reduce rice yields as much as 90%. O. barthii is widely distributed in Africa. It is an annual weed that closely resembles O. glaberrima. Characteristics such as early maturity, shattering before rice maturity, and seed dormancy make it difficult to control. O. punctata and O. officinalis are both annual weeds. O. punctata is native to Africa, O. officinalis origi- nated in Asia. Both have small grains. Some of the wild rices are photo- period sensitive. This influences their growth duration, with later emerging plants taking less time. Wild rice stalks are generally weak, resulting in lodging not only of the weeds but also of the rice around them. Cultural control Using clean rice seed, free of wild rice seeds, will prevent the introduction or reintroduction of wild rices to non- infested areas. After rice harvest, fields should be managed to kill wild rice seeds (e.g., straw burning). Early- season cultivation and harrowing stimulate red rice germination and may allow the mechanical destruction of several flushes of wild rice growth before rice or rotational crops are planted. High seeding rates of rice reduce tillering of wild rice. When rice is seeded or transplanted in rows, it is easy to differentiate wild rice growing between the rows. Crop rotation may reduce infesta- tions of wild rices. Wild rice is easy to control in upland crops. The length of rotation depends on how severely the field is infested with wild rice. Typical rotational crops for red rice in southern USA are maize, grain sorghum, and soybean. Depending on the rotational crop, herbicides commonly used include propazine, alachlor, metolachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, metribuzin, bentazon, and atrazine. Buried seeds of wild rice do not germinate when the soil is flooded or water-saturated. However, the perennial wild rices O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon propagate through bud germination of stem cuttings or rhizomes under such conditions. Dry seeding with delayed flooding results in a much higher infestation of wild rice than does seeding on a puddled field and keeping the soil saturated. Continuous flooding effectively controls wild rice. Hand weeding When crops are planted in rows, the wild rice between the rows can be weeded out easily. In some areas, wild rice is eaten. This not only augments the food supply but also helps reduce the spread of the weed. Wild rice mostly shatters before cultivated rice matures, and grains of wild rice must be harvested before they shatter. Its growth for food should be discour- aged, however. The perennial rhizomatous deep water wild rice O. longistaminata is controlled by underwater mowing of rhizomes twice during the growing season. Herbicides Herbicides commonly used in rice do not selectively control wild rice because of the similar growth systems. Molinate at 1-2 kg ai/ha applied preplanting and incorporated selectively controls the annual wild rices. For best control, molinate should be combined with continuous flooding. Preplanting application of glyphosate at 2-3 kg ai/ha also effectively controls wild rices. For red rice control, thiobencarb is surface-applied preplanting, just before bringing on the flood (Rice Journal 1988). Integrated control Wild rices are best controlled through an integrated approach that includes germination prevention, crop rotation, water management, herbicides, and other cultural methods. Difficult weeds 101
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1991 P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Phi
Page 3 and 4:
Foreword Farmers everywhere search
Page 5 and 6:
Contents FOREWORD PREFACE 1 S IGNIF
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Table 1.3. Weeds as secondary hosts
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horizontal leaves. Tall plants have
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Chapter 2 Rice weeds of worldwide i
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Lowland rice weeds ASTERACEAE (Comp
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Lowland rice weeds / CYPERACEAE (se
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Lowland rice weeds / CYPERACEAE (se
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Lowland rice weeds / ONAGRACEAE (ev
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Mature plant Inflorescence Seed, ma
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Lowland rice weeds/POACEAE (grass f
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Lowland rice weeds / POACEAE (grass
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Lowland rice weeds / PONTEDERIACEAE
Page 29 and 30:
Upland rice weeds AIZOACEAE (carpet
Page 31 and 32:
Upland rice weeds / ASTERACEAE (sun
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Upland rice weeds / CYPERACEAE (sed
Page 35 and 36:
Upland rice weeds / POACEAE (grass
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Upland rice weeds / PORTULACACEAE (
Page 43 and 44:
Deepwater weeds / CONVOLVULACEAE (m
Page 45 and 46:
Wetland tillage is common in most t
Page 47 and 48:
leaf size), with the resultant shad
Page 49 and 50: Economics of control The economic b
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 Principles of herbicide u
Page 53 and 54: Preemergence herbicide application
Page 55 and 56: and behavior in the crop environmen
Page 57 and 58: Table 4.1. Meanings of signal words
Page 59 and 60: 4.3 Controlled-droplet applicators
Page 61 and 62: amount after spraying is 8 liters,
Page 63 and 64: The decision to spray should be mad
Page 65 and 66: farmers, however, should wear cloth
Page 67 and 68: Table 5.1. Susceptibilitles a of im
Page 69 and 70: Propanil can be used at 3-4 kg ai/h
Page 71 and 72: Thiocarbamates Thiocarbamates are a
Page 73 and 74: Quinclorac. Quinclorac is a chino-
Page 75 and 76: Planting method Transplanting into
Page 77 and 78: Direct seeded on puddled soil In di
Page 79 and 80: Table 6.2. Herbicides suitable for
Page 81 and 82: 6.4 Rice growth stages when herbici
Page 83 and 84: Fertilizer Incorporating N and P fe
Page 85 and 86: Nurseries Seedling nurseries should
Page 87 and 88: Land preparation Leveling the puddl
Page 89 and 90: Land preparation Land preparation s
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 8 Weed control in upland ri
Page 93 and 94: Hand weeding The weed-free period r
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 9 Weed control in deepwater
Page 97 and 98: Hand weeding Hand weeding is the mo
Page 99: Chapter 10 Management of some diffi
Page 103 and 104: Herbicides For effective control of
Page 105 and 106: IRRI-International Rice Research In
Page 107 and 108: B. Conversion table for granular fo
Page 109 and 110: Index A Absorption of herbicide, 50
Page 111 and 112: in deepwater and floating rice, 96
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