A handbbok on Weed Control in Rice.pdf

Sorghum bicolor, 3
South America, 87
Spacing, dense planting, 74, 76
optimum for rice plants, 43
Spain, 36
Sphenocleaceae, 24
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn., 83, 85, 24, 66, 67
Sprayer,
Birky, 56
calibration of, 58
care of, 61
leaks, 62
nozzles, 63
pressure, 58
Spraying, 61, 84
Stale seedbed, 79, 88, 92
Sri Lanka, 9, 16, 19, 27, 29, 33, 34, 76, 80, 85
Sudan, 9, 31, 33
Sugarcane, 2
Sulfonylureas, 70
Sulfur, 92
Surinam, 20, 101
Symbols, 55
Systemic herbicides, 49, 50, 51
nozzle type for, 58
T
Tadpole shimp,
Tank-mix, 65
Tanzania, 35
Temperature
45
effect on herbicide activity, 50
effect of vapor pressure, 53
Thailand, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 80, 83,
95, 101,
Thiobencarb, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78,
79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97,
98, 100, 101
Thiocarbamates,
Tillage, 41
dryland, 42
52, 53, 70
effect on weed flora, 41
limited, 42
wetland, 42
Timing,
of herbicide application,
82, 85, 87, 89, 93, 97
of rice seeding, 42
50, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
Toxicity of herbicide, 55, 62, 67-72
Translocated herbicides,
nozzle type for, 58
49, 50, 52
Transplanted rice, 73, 83
application timing, 43
cultivar, 84
fertilizer, 74, 84
handweeding, 75, 84
herbicides, 75,84
herbicide selectivity in, 50
herbicide use, 75, 84
land preparation,
nurseries, 84
73, 84
planting methods, 74
plant population, 74, 84
stand establishment, 73
water management in, 74, 84
weed problems, 73, 83
Transplanting, manual optimum spraying, 43
yield loss due to weeds, 1
Trianthema monogyna L., 25
Trianthema portulacastrum,
Triazines, 50, 70
4, 25, 66, 67, 91
Triopus cancriformis, 4.5
Triopus granaris, 45
Triopus longicaudatus, 45
U
Uganda, 34
Ultisols, 92
Upland rice,
C4 weeds, 91
cultivar, 91
fertilizer, 91
handweeding, 42, 93
herbicide behavior in soil, 51
herbicide use, 94
land preparation, 91
N application timing, 43
plant population, 91
planting methods, 91
weed competiton, 91
weed control in, 91-94
weeds in, 25-37, 42
weed problems, 91
USA, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39,
42, 73, 78, 80, 99, 101
USSR, 80
V
Valine, 70
Vapor pressure, 53
effect of temperature, 53
Variety,
tolerance to herbicide, 72
herbicide susceptibility,
modern rice, 42
selection for weed control, 42
traditional rice, 42
Venezuela, 20, 32, 101
Verbesina alba, 9
Verbesina prostrata L., 9
Vietnam, 9, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31, 37, 38, 83, 95
Virus in rice, 2
Volatilization of herbicide, 52
W
Walking speed, 58, 59, 61
Water
depth effects on rice type, 84
factor in rice-weed comp., 4
for mixing herbicides, 59, 61
for rice growth, 3
increasing depth, 44, 95
Water management, 1, 44, 74, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88
Water seeded rice, 73, 80
fertilizer, 82
hand weeding, 82
herbicides, 82
herbicide use, 82
land preparation, 81
N application timing, 43
plant population, 81
water management, 81
weed problems, 80
yield loss due to weeds, 1
Water solubility, 53, 67-72
Water soluble concentrate, 53
Water uptake, 4
Weeders, 45, 74, 75, 88
Weeding,
by machine, 44, 45
hand tools for, 44
labor requirements, 44
mechanical interron, 79
Weeds,
annual, 1, 5
as alternate host, 2
as ancestors of cultivated rice, 1
aquatic, 2
C 3 , 3, 44
C 4 , 3
characteristics, 4
competitiveness, 4
computer codes, 8
definition, 1
dispersal, 4-5
drought tolerance, 4
effects, 1
on grain quality, 2
on grain yield, 1, 3-4
on harvesting, 2
growth, 4
habitat, 8
in deep water rice, 95, 38-39
in lowland rice, 9-24, 42
in upland rice, 25-37
life cycles, 7
morphology, 7
origin, 1
perennial, 1, 5, 16
reproduction, 4-5
seeds, 4-5
similarities with rice, 4, 5
Weed-rice competition
critical periods, 4
factors, 3-4
in upland rice, 91
Weed control, 41-47
biological methods, 45
chemical methods, 45
cultivar methods, 41, 46
direct methods, 46-47
economics of, 1, 46
in deepwater and floating rice, 95-98
indirect methods, 46-47
in irrigated rice, 73-82
in rainfed lowland rice, 83-89
in upland rice, 91-94
manual methods, 44
nursery,
planning for, 41
social aspect, 2
Weed population, 1
Weed problems, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87, 80, 91, 95
West lndies, 101
Wet seeded rice, N application timing, 43
Wettable powder, 53
mixing, 61
White tip, 2
Wild rices, 1, 5, 101
X
Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae, 2
Xylem, 50
Y
Yield loss, due to weeds, 1
Z
Zambia, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37,
Zimbabwe, 26, 34, 35, 36
Zinc, 43, 92
Index 113