A handbbok on Weed Control in Rice.pdf
A handbbok on Weed Control in Rice.pdf
A handbbok on Weed Control in Rice.pdf
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Lowland rice weeds /POACEAE (grass family)<br />
<strong>Weed</strong> name: Ech<strong>in</strong>ochloa crus-galli (L.)<br />
Beauv. E. crus-galli species is c<strong>on</strong>sid-<br />
ered to <strong>in</strong>clude two subspecies, each<br />
with two varieties (Michael 1983):<br />
E. crus-galli ssp. crus-galli var.<br />
crus-galli,<br />
E. crus-galli ssp. crus-galli var.<br />
praticola,<br />
E. crus-galli ssp. hispidula var.<br />
hispidula, and<br />
E. crus-galli sp. hispidula var.<br />
austro-jap<strong>on</strong>ensis<br />
E. crus-galli var. crus-galli is<br />
abundant <strong>in</strong> the more temperate rice-<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g areas such as the Indian<br />
subc<strong>on</strong>t<strong>in</strong>ent, Ch<strong>in</strong>a, Japan, Southern<br />
Europe, North and South America, and<br />
Australia.<br />
E. crus-galli var. praticola is an<br />
upland rice weed <strong>in</strong> eastern Asia.<br />
E. crus-galli var. hispidula is an<br />
abundant rice weed throughout<br />
Southeast Asia, parts of the Indian<br />
subc<strong>on</strong>t<strong>in</strong>ent, and Sri Lanka.<br />
16 <strong>Weed</strong> c<strong>on</strong>trol handbook<br />
E. crus-galli var. austro-jap<strong>on</strong>ensis<br />
is essentially found <strong>in</strong> eastern Asia,<br />
extend<strong>in</strong>g south from Taiwan, Ch<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
and adjacent parts of ma<strong>in</strong>land Asia to<br />
the high, cool areas of Southeast Asia.<br />
Syn<strong>on</strong>yms: N<strong>on</strong>e<br />
Local names:<br />
Country Comm<strong>on</strong> name<br />
Bangladesh shama<br />
Brazil capimp-da-col<strong>on</strong>ia<br />
(Portuguese)<br />
France panic, pied-de-coq<br />
India kauada, sawant<br />
(Malayalam)<br />
Ind<strong>on</strong>esia djawan (Javanese)<br />
Korea pi<br />
Malaysia<br />
sambau<br />
Peru mijo jap<strong>on</strong>es<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es daua-daua (Tagalog)<br />
Sri Lanka martu<br />
Thailand ya-pl<strong>on</strong>g<br />
USA comm<strong>on</strong> barnyard grass<br />
Life cycle: An annual grass that can<br />
grow as tall as 150 cm. Propagates by<br />
seeds, which may rema<strong>in</strong> dormant<br />
3-4 mo.<br />
Habitat: Adapted to wet soils.<br />
Grows best at soil moisture of 80%<br />
water-hold<strong>in</strong>g capacity. Optimum<br />
germ<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> occurs at 70-90% of water-<br />
hold<strong>in</strong>g capacity. Seeds can also<br />
germ<strong>in</strong>ate under water. Growth<br />
becomes <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly poor with<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased depth of submergence.<br />
<strong>Weed</strong>y nature: A prolific seed<br />
producer; <strong>on</strong>e plant may produce<br />
40,000 seeds. Tillers profusely and<br />
germ<strong>in</strong>ates throughout the year.<br />
Ecologically similar to rice. Dur<strong>in</strong>g early<br />
vegetative phase, almost <strong>in</strong>dist<strong>in</strong>guish-<br />
able from rice plants.<br />
Agricultural c<strong>on</strong>cern: Very competi-<br />
tive with rice. Can reduce rice yields<br />
100%.<br />
Seedl<strong>in</strong>g
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