Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT) across countries is highly uneven, and regional rankings show considerable polarization. Developed countries consistently capture the top spots, while African and South Asian countries are falling behind. However, regional average rankings may mask great diversity among countries. For example, East Asia includes ICT leaders such as Hong Kong, SAR of China, and Singapore, as well as trailing countries such as Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Myanmar. In sub-Saharan Africa, countries like Mauritius and South Africa are gaining ground, while the majority of the countries in the region are lagging behind. Even if there is a relationship between economic growth and the Index of ICT Diffusion, countries with similar income levels may have different rankings, which highlights the importance of policy choices. Indices show relatively consistent rankings over time, although an analysis of movements in country rankings and of the distribution of computer hardware shows a small reduction in inequality across countries. This trend applies especially to older technologies such as fixed-line telephony and to leapfrogging in mobile telephony, suggesting that mobile telephone technology can help bridge the digital divide. To learn more 96 7.1 Information and communication technology development ● The Index of ICT Diffusion developed by UNCTAD is designed to evaluate ICT diffusion across countries. It measures the average achievements in a country along three dimensions: - Connectivity, as measured by per-capita numbers of Internet hosts, personal computers, telephone mainlines and mobile subscribers. - Access, as measured by the estimated number of Internet users, the adult literacy rate, the cost of a local call and GDP per capita. - Policy, as measured by the presence of Internet exchanges, levels of competition in local-loop and domestic long-distance telecommunications, and the level of competition in the Internet service provider market. An index score is calculated for each of these indicators by applying the formula: value achieved / maximum reference value. Connectivity, Access and Policy indices are then calculated by averaging the index scores of their respective components. The Index of ICT Diffusion is an average of these three dimensions. ● The term digital divide refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses, countries and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to both their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities. DATA SOURCES [1] ITU World Telecommunication Indicators 2003 (including data on Internet hosts, personal computers, cellular mobile telephone subscribers, and main telephone lines in operation). United Nations, Statistics Division. Official statistics on access to and use of ICT are scarce. Limited supply-side data on Internet access, hosts and users are available from national sources and are collected by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ICT development indices were developed by UNCTAD in conjunction with the work programme of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development for the inter-sessional period 2001–2003 on “Technology Development and Capacity-Building for Competitiveness in a Digital Society”. Publications, studies and an indicators database can be downloaded from the Science and Technology for Development Network at www.unctad.org/stdev.
Developed countries Developed countries 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 Estimated share of Internet users in 2001 [1] (in %) 69.6 1.4 The digital divide: PCs and hosts [1] Number of PCs per 100 inhabitants 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Developed countries Developing countries The digital divide: telephones [1] Number of mainlines per 100 inhabitants 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Developed countries Developing countries 5.4 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Developing countries Developing countries Developed countries Developed countries 20.2 18 16 14 12 10 3.4 8 6 4 2 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.03 ICT development indicators 7.1 A Developing countries: Africa Developing countries: America Developing countries: Asia Developing countries: Oceania Countries in Central and Eastern Europe Developed countries Number of hosts per 100 inhabitants 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Developed countries Developing countries Number of cellular telephones per 100 inhabitants 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Developed countries Developing countries 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Developing countries Developing countries 97
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2004 Development and Globalization:
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ii Note Development and Globalizati
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This publication was prepared by a
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vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
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1 Countries, population and economi
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3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
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33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
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160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
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2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
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Population structure by age, 2000 [
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1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
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Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
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26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
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36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
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3 Transnational corporations and fo
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World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
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Largest transnational corporations
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Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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