Development and Globalization: - Unctad

More documents

Recommendations

Info

8 1.1 Selected groups of developing countries OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Africa’s economic performance in the past two decades has been marked by slow and erratic growth. On average, real per capita GDP growth was negative during the 1990s, despite a marginal increase for West and North Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, per-capita income fell to below $300 during the mid-1990s and thereafter recovered only slightly. The continent’s share in world merchandise trade has declined steadily since 1980, reaching around 2% in 2002. Paradoxically, despite its heavy commodity dependence, Africa has even lost market share for its non-fuel commodity exports. Intra-regional trade, meanwhile, has grown in value in some regional economic communities, although it has not surpassed 13% of the total exports of any community. High commodity price volatility, along with a decline in real prices and associated terms of trade losses, has exacted a heavy toll in terms of low incomes and investment and high levels of indebtedness and poverty. From the late 1980s to mid-1999, the ratio of external debt stock to exports deteriorated significantly, reaching more than 300% before dipping to below 200% in 2000. These figures are far above the ratios for the 1970s. Official development assistance flows to the continent have declined steadily since the mid-1990s, while foreign direct investment inflows have remained minuscule and are concentrated in a few countries’ extractive industries. Increased inflows of external resources – according to UNCTAD estimates, on the order of some 10% of GDP yearly for a decade – are needed to close the savingsinvestment gap. Only then can the continent diversify its economic base, attain and sustain high levels of growth, reduce aid dependence in the long term, and improve its chances of meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015. To learn more The sub-regions of Africa are as follows: ● North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia. ● Sub-Saharan Africa: - West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. - Central Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda and Sao Tome and Principe. - East and Southern Africa: Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Reunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2003, tables 1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.2 and 8.1. Studies of Africa’s economic performance have appeared in the following publications (available via the UNCTAD website): Capital Flows and Growth in Africa; Economic Development in Africa: Performance, Prospects and Policies; Economic Development in Africa – From Adjustment to Poverty Reduction: What Is New; and Economic Development in Africa: Trade Performance and Commodity Dependence. More detailed information can be obtained from the Office of the Special Coordinator for Africa, UNCTAD.
2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Official financial flows, 1970 - 2001 [1] (in billion US$) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Developing countries Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Share of intra-trade of major trade groupings in their total exports, 1970 - 2002 [1] (in %) COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC CEMAC UEMOA UMA 1970 1980 1990 2002 Sub-Saharan Africa's GDP, exports and external debt per capita, 1970 - 2001 [1] (in US$) 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 GDP per capita External debt stock per capita Exports per capita 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 Trade indices, 1970 - 2001 [1] (1980 = 100) 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 North Africa West Africa Central Africa East and southern Africa 4000 3000 2000 1000 350 300 250 200 50 0 0 150 100 Total Africa -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1980-2000 1980-1990 1990-2000 COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC CEMAC UEMOA UMA External debt service as % of exports External debt service as % of revenue Total external debt as % of revenue 1970 1980 1990 2002 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Unit value indices of exports Unit value indices of imports Volume indices of exports Volume indices of imports Terms of trade indices Purchasing power indices of exports 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 African countries 1.1 D Growth of real GDP per capita, 1980 - 2000 [1] (in %) Intra-trade of major trade groupings, 1970 - 2002 [1] (in million US$) Selected indicators of debt ratios, 1970 - 2001 [1] (in %) 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Total external debt as % of GDP Total external debt as % of exports 9
Page 1: 2004 Development and Globalization:
Page 4 and 5: ii Note Development and Globalizati
Page 6 and 7: This publication was prepared by a
Page 8 and 9: vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
Page 11 and 12: 1 Countries, population and economi
Page 13 and 14: 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
Page 15 and 16: 33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
Page 17: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
Page 25 and 26: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
Page 27 and 28: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
Page 29 and 30: Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
Page 31: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
Page 58 and 59: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In 2002 the va
Page 60 and 61: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS An important f
Page 62 and 63: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
Page 64 and 65: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 ye
Page 66 and 67: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS During the las
Page 68 and 69:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Between 1980 a
Page 70 and 71:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 72 and 73:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The main devel
Page 74 and 75:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The world’s
Page 76 and 77:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 78 and 79:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
Page 80 and 81:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past two d
Page 83 and 84:
5 Production and international trad
Page 85 and 86:
Production of selected commodities
Page 87 and 88:
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 100 8
Page 89 and 90:
1966 2000 Share of commodity export
Page 91 and 92:
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Dist
Page 93 and 94:
Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
Page 95:
50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
Page 98 and 99:
OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
Page 100 and 101:
90 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 102 and 103:
92 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 105 and 106:
7 Information and communication tec
Page 107 and 108:
Developed countries Developed count
Page 109:
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
Page 112 and 113:
AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
Page 114 and 115:
CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
Page 116 and 117:
ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
Page 118 and 119:
Designed and printed by Publishing
show all

Development and Globalization: - Unctad

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?