Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The picture of the 50 largest non-financial transnational corporations (TNCs) from developing economies and Central and Eastern European countries is more complex than that of the top 50 worldwide. Owing to the economic downturn, both total and foreign sales declined in 2001. Total assets and employment also fell. Like many of the largest 50 TNCs, the companies in question underwent restructuring in order to remain competitive in a difficult economic environment. However, these TNCs continued to expand their production capacities abroad, as is shown by increases in foreign assets and employment. The ranking remains fairly stable and, like the worldwide top-50 list, covers a wide range of industries. Hutchison Whampoa and Singtel, two companies with major interests in telecommunications, head the list. Industries prominent on the list include electrical and electronic equipment and petroleum. Most of the companies on the list are headquartered in Asia. The region’s predominance as a source of foreign direct investment reflects its economic importance and dynamism. Among the Asian companies, Chinese firms from Hong Kong (China), Singapore, Taiwan Province of China and, of course, mainland China feature prominently. Malaysia has also emerged as an important home country for TNCs. Except for five companies from South Africa, the remaining firms hail from Latin America, particularly Brazil and Mexico. Only two companies from Central and Eastern Europe appear in the top 50. With foreign assets of more than $5.8 billion, Lukoil, the largest Russian TNC, is comparable to the top 10 developing-country TNCs. The lack of Central and Eastern European TNCs on the list can be attributed largely to accounting and reporting practices in these countries, and to the fact that many companies are not publicly listed. To learn more 42 3.1 Transnational corporations For definitions, refer to 3.1A. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD/ERASMUS database (based on data obtained from the companies themselves as well as secondary sources). UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. Industry classification for companies follows the United States Standard Industrial Classification as used by following the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. In its annual World Investment Report, UNCTAD in collaboration with Erasmus University (Rotterdam) compiles key data on TNCs. The Report focuses on the largest TNCs from developed, developing and Central and Eastern European countries, analysing recent trends in their internationalization strategies. The UNCTAD/ERASMUS database includes data about these companies’ foreign assets, total assets, foreign sales, total sales, and foreign and total employment. Based on the key variables, a Transnationality Index (TNI) is calculated. The data, which go back to 1996 (and for some companies more than a decade), can be accessed via www.unctad.org/fdistatistics. More detailed and customized information, as well as information on the methodology used for data compilation, can be obtained at statfdi@unctad.org.
Largest transnational corporations from developing countries and Central and Eastern Europe 3.1 B Top 50 non-financial TNCs from developing countries and Central and Eastern Europe in 2001 [1] Million US$ and number of employees Corporation (home economy) Industry Foreign Total assets assets sales employees 1 Hutchison Whampoa Ltd. (HK) Diversified 40 989 55 281 11 415 77 253 2 Singtel Ltd. (SG) Telecommunications 15 594 19 108 4 054 21 535 3 Cemex S.A. (MEX) Non-metalic mineral products 12 645 16 282 6 730 25 519 4 LG Electronics Inc. (KOR) Electrical and electronic equipment 11 561 20 304 22 528 42 512 5 Petróleos de Venezuela (VEN) Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 7 964 57 542 46 250 46 425 6 Petronas - Petroliam Nasional Berhad (MY) Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 7 877 37 933 17 681 25 724 7 Lukoil Oil Co. (RU) Petroleum and natural gas 5 830 15 859 14 892 140 000 8 New World Development Co., Ltd. (HK) Diversified 4 715 16 253 2 933 26 100 9 Neptune Orient Lines Ltd. (SG) Transport and storage 4 674 4 951 4 737 11 777 10 Citic Pacific Ltd. (HK) Diversified 4 184 7 798 2 212 11 733 11 Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd. (HK) Diversified 4 080 7 166 9 413 110 000 12 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (KOR) Electrical and electronic equipment 3 840 41 692 37 155 73 682 13 Guangdong Investment Ltd. (HK) Diversified 3 694 4 042 932 7 641 14 Shangri-La Asia Ltd. (HK) Hotels and motels 3 606 4 565 560 16 500 15 Sappi Ltd. (SA) Paper 3 463 4 504 4 184 18 231 16 Hyundai Motor Company (KOR) Motor vehicles 3 210 33 216 33 199 91 958 17 Flextronics International Ltd. (SG) Electrical and electronic equipment 2 983 4 115 6 691 70 000 18 City Developments Ltd. (SG) Hotels 2 870 6 454 1 302 14 337 19 Samsung Corporation (KOR) Electrical and electronic equipment 2 800 9 400 32 300 4 164 20 China National Chemicals, Imp. & Exp. Corp. (CN) Diversified 2 788 4 928 16 165 7 950 21 South African Breweries Plc (SA) Food and beverages 2 785 4 399 4 364 33 230 22 América Móvil (MEX) Telecommunications 2 323 10 137 4 385 14 786 23 Perez Companc (ARG) Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 2 154 6 244 1 655 3 427 24 Guangzhou Investment Company Ltd. (HK) Paper 2 129 2 559 433 13 120 25 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (TW) Computer and related activities 2 033 10 446 3 751 13 669 26 First Pacific Company Ltd. (HK) Electrical and electronic equipment 2 007 2 046 1 852 48 046 27 Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras (BRA) Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 1 715 36 864 24 549 38 483 28 Acer Inc. (TW) Electrical and electronic equipment 1 686 3 344 3 754 4 480 29 Posco (KOR) Metal and metal products 1 589 18 164 10 497 28 619 30 San Miguel Corporation (PH) Food and beverages 1 584 3 203 2 384 26 697 31 CLP Holdings (HK) Electricity, gas and water 1 559 6 798 3 205 4 085 32 Panamco (MEX) Food and beverages 1 549 2 693 2 651 26 000 33 Metalurgica Gerdau S.A. (BRA) Metal and metal products 1 488 4 379 2 495 16 000 34 United Microelectronics Corporation (TW) Electrical and electronic equipment 1 462 9 140 2 081 543 35 Keppel Corporation Ltd. (SG) Diversified 1 422 6 332 3 283 16 223 36 Barloworld Ltd. (SA) Diversified 1 409 2 403 3 521 23 233 37 Fraser & Neave Ltd. (SG) Food and beverages 1 229 4 282 1 660 11 455 38 Sime Darby Berhad (MY) Diversified 1 225 3 290 3 174 26 384 39 Orient Overseas International Ltd. (HK) Transport and storage 1 170 2 136 2 379 4 686 40 Gruma S.A. de C.V. (MEX) Food and beverages 1 118 1 828 1 889 15 585 41 Novoship Co. (RU) Transport 999 1 134 392 6 976 42 Naspers Ltd. (SA) Media 979 1 470 1 059 10 706 43 Copec - Compania de Petroleos de Chile (CL) Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 969 6 432 3 577 8 367 44 Savia SA de CV (MEX) Diversified 961 1 585 683 8 085 45 Amsteel Corporation Berhad (MY) Diversified 959 3 171 1 480 26 745 46 Johnnic Holdings Ltd. (SA) Telecommunications 839 2 606 1 687 9 408 47 Grupo Imsa (MEX) Metal and metal products 828 3 041 2 233 16 373 48 Great Eagle Holdings Ltd. (HK) Business services 781 3 721 343 2 656 49 Delta Electronics Inc. (TW) Electrical and electronic equipment 774 1 510 1 273 11 480 50 Genting Berhad (MY) Hotels 740 2 690 829 15 200 43
Page 1: 2004 Development and Globalization:
Page 4 and 5: ii Note Development and Globalizati
Page 6 and 7: This publication was prepared by a
Page 8 and 9: vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
Page 11 and 12: 1 Countries, population and economi
Page 13 and 14: 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
Page 15 and 16: 33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
Page 17 and 18: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
Page 19 and 20: 2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
Page 25 and 26: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
Page 27 and 28: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
Page 29 and 30: Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
Page 31: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
Page 58 and 59: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In 2002 the va
Page 60 and 61: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS An important f
Page 62 and 63: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
Page 64 and 65: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 ye
Page 66 and 67: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS During the las
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Page 70 and 71: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 72 and 73: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The main devel
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Page 76 and 77: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 78 and 79: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
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Page 83 and 84: 5 Production and international trad
Page 85 and 86: Production of selected commodities
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Page 89 and 90: 1966 2000 Share of commodity export
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Page 93 and 94: Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
Page 95: 50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
Page 98 and 99: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
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92 6.2 International trade in manuf
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7 Information and communication tec
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Developed countries Developed count
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
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AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
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CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
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ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
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