Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Between 1980 and 2000, the volume of developing country exports increased more than six-fold, compared to a three-fold increase for developed countries. Most of the expansion of exports has been concentrated in developing countries of Asia. However, an increase in the volume of imports of developing Asia has been even more striking - ten-fold - compared to a three-fold increase globally. The unit value index of exports for developing countries as a whole fell sharply in the 1980s. This trend continued, although less markedly, during the 1990s. More detailed data show that the value index of exports for South and East Asian countries remained fairly steady in the 1980s and increased slightly in the 1990s. The index for African countries is driven by the index of major African petroleum exporters. The price index for developed countries showed a slight tendency to increase over the whole period. Since 1985, the purchasing power of exports has increased for both developed and developing countries, despite the large decrease in developing countries’ terms of trade prior to the mid-1990s. While African countries’ terms of trade worsened until 1999, the purchasing power of their exports has been increasing substantially since 1999. Least developed countries’ terms of trade fluctuated until recent years, in 2001 recovering their 1980 level. While terms of trade for South and East Asian countries have also fluctuated, the purchasing power of their exports has increased over the past two decades and grew by a factor of almost 2.5 in the last 10 years. To learn more 58 4.2 International trade in merchandise ● An index reflects changes over time in a quantity that cannot itself be directly measured or observed. Important features of index construction are the coverage, the base period, the weighting system and the method of averaging observations. ● Value index of exports or imports is the current value of exports (f.o.b.) or imports (c.i.f.) converted to dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period. ● Unit value index of exports or imports is an indicator reflecting changes in the price levels of exports or imports during the reporting period in comparison with the base period. ● Volume (quantum) index of exports or imports is the ratio of the value index of exports or imports to the corresponding unit value index and reflects changes in the volume of exports and imports. ● Purchasing power of exports is the value index of exports deflated by the unit value index of imports. ● Terms of trade, or “net barter” terms of trade, are defined as the ratio of the unit value index of exports to the unit value index of imports. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2003, tables 2.1 and 8.1. For more information, see UNCTAD’s Trade and Development Report 2002: Developing Countries in World Trade, Chapter 4.
Terms of trade [1] 1995 = 100 Trade indices 4.2 E Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World _ _ _ _ _ _ Developing countries 143.6 121.6 98.4 98.4 99.0 99.8 Africa 171.0 142.7 112.0 97.6 126.5 119.1 America 153.4 123.3 93.4 98.4 105.9 102.2 Asia 124.4 113.0 97.1 98.6 94.2 97.0 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. .. Developed countries 85.6 83.5 95.3 100.1 97.2 98.3 Least developed countries 106.2 105.7 100.4 89.8 112.8 102.7 Volume indices of exports [1] 1995 = 100 Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World 45.7 53.8 72.8 130.9 148.7 144.9 Developing countries 22.6 26.5 53.7 123.5 140.9 137.1 Africa 66.8 75.0 82.4 120.6 108.7 116.6 America 30.3 42.8 65.7 145.7 159.5 164.5 Asia 16.6 18.3 48.6 119.8 142.0 134.4 Oceania 42.2 55.2 61.1 .. .. .. Developed countries 49.0 56.8 74.3 126.5 139.4 137.8 Least developed countries 30.1 43.3 66.3 130.3 125.8 139.3 Unit value indices of exports [1] 1995 = 100 Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World 82.5 67.0 92.0 84.6 83.5 81.9 Developing countries 137.5 98.4 94.5 88.1 92.4 90.1 Africa 136.5 89.2 108.0 90.4 113.8 101.8 America 136.9 103.4 93.4 90.6 99.5 92.9 Asia 138.2 99.4 92.2 86.9 88.1 87.9 Oceania 92.1 63.3 72.6 .. .. .. Developed countries 73.7 64.5 94.9 85.8 83.5 81.6 Least developed countries 133.5 112.5 123.7 91.0 110.9 100.2 Volume indices of imports [1] 1995 = 100 Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World 45.6 50.4 70.2 127.2 142.6 141.4 Developing countries 25.6 27.9 49.1 118.2 136.4 133.1 Africa 86.7 91.3 84.6 112.5 117.9 127.5 America 47.6 34.7 48.0 145.7 163.9 164.1 Asia 12.7 18.6 44.7 111.9 131.7 126.0 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. .. Developed countries 47.1 51.5 75.1 133.1 147.1 145.4 Least developed countries 34.7 45.7 62.5 116.8 121.3 128.4 Unit value indices of imports [1] 1995 = 100 Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World 83.6 73.8 97.6 87.3 88.4 85.1 Developing countries 95.8 80.9 96.1 89.5 93.3 90.3 Africa 79.8 62.5 96.4 92.6 90.0 85.5 America 89.2 83.8 100.0 92.0 94.0 90.9 Asia 111.1 87.9 94.9 88.1 93.5 90.6 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. .. Developed countries 86.1 77.2 99.6 85.7 86.0 83.0 Least developed countries 125.7 106.4 123.2 101.3 98.3 97.5 Purchasing power of exports [1] 1995 = 100 Regions 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 World 45.1 48.9 68.7 127.0 140.4 139.4 Developing countries 32.5 32.3 52.9 121.6 139.5 136.9 Africa 114.2 107.0 92.3 117.7 137.5 138.9 America 46.4 52.8 61.4 143.5 168.9 168.2 Asia 20.7 20.7 47.2 118.1 133.9 130.4 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. .. Developed countries 42.0 47.4 70.8 126.6 135.5 135.5 Least developed countries 31.9 45.8 66.6 117.0 141.9 143.0 59
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2004 Development and Globalization:
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ii Note Development and Globalizati
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This publication was prepared by a
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vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
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1 Countries, population and economi
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3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
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33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
Page 17 and 18: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
Page 19 and 20: 2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
Page 25 and 26: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
Page 27 and 28: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
Page 29 and 30: Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
Page 31: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
Page 58 and 59: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In 2002 the va
Page 60 and 61: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS An important f
Page 62 and 63: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
Page 64 and 65: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 ye
Page 66 and 67: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS During the las
Page 70 and 71: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 72 and 73: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The main devel
Page 74 and 75: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The world’s
Page 76 and 77: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 78 and 79: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
Page 80 and 81: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past two d
Page 83 and 84: 5 Production and international trad
Page 85 and 86: Production of selected commodities
Page 87 and 88: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 100 8
Page 89 and 90: 1966 2000 Share of commodity export
Page 91 and 92: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Dist
Page 93 and 94: Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
Page 95: 50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
Page 98 and 99: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
Page 100 and 101: 90 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 105 and 106: 7 Information and communication tec
Page 107 and 108: Developed countries Developed count
Page 109: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
Page 112 and 113: AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
Page 114 and 115: CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
Page 116 and 117: ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
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