Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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18 1.3 Output and demand OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS World output remains heavily concentrated in developed countries. In 2001, developing countries accounted for only about one fifth of world nominal gross domestic product (GDP), while they represented 80% of the global population. Real per capita GDP declined in Africa and Central and Eastern Europe between 1980 and 2000. The lowest level was recorded in Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa), where it was $337 in 2000. The situation was even worse for the group of least developed countries, where real per capita GDP was only $297. While in developing countries real per capita GDP increased from $936 in 1980 to $1,417 in 2000, in developed countries it soared from $20,397 to $30,557. Income gaps that had persisted during the first three decades after 1950 widened further subsequently as growth momentum stalled in many poorer countries, particularly after the debt crisis of the 1980s. The most remarkable success stories are in developing Asia, where real per capita GDP more than doubled between 1980 and 2000. In particular, countries in the South and East Asian region, which until the financial crisis of 1997 showed rapid and uninterrupted economic growth, overtook other developing countries and narrowed the income gap with major industrial economies. Notably, China had annual average GDP growth rates of 10% beginning in the early 1980s. By contrast, in Africa and Latin America, the 1980s were characterized by negative per capita growth, followed by a weak recovery for Latin America in the 1990s. To learn more ● Gross domestic product (GDP) is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs). It is the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers’ prices, less the value of imports of goods and services, or the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units. ● Nominal GDP is expressed in current prices. Nominal GDP in US$ is computed with current exchange rates. ● Per capita GDP is GDP divided by population. ● Real GDP is expressed in base-year prices. In this chapter, real GDP is at 1995 constant prices and in 1995 US$. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2003, tables 7.1 and 7.2. UNCTAD conducts policy-oriented analytical work to improve understanding of current and emerging issues regarding economic growth in the world and particularly in developing countries. The results of these studies are published in the annual Trade and Development Report.
Share of nominal GDP by region, 2001 [1] (in %) 76.4 1.8 6.5 12.7 0.04 2.6 Developing Africa Developing America Developing Asia Developing Oceania Central and Eastern Europe Developed countries GDP growth [1] Average annual growth rates of real GDP in % and 2001 nominal GDP in million US$ 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 Developing Africa Gross domestic product 1.3 A Real GDP per capita by region [1] (in US$) Developing America Developing Asia Developing Oceania Central and Eastern Europe 1980 2000 Developed countries Regions 1980-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 2001 World 2.6 3.6 2.1 3.0 1.1 31 075 808 Developing countries 2.8 4.5 5.1 3.9 2.4 6 522 739 Africa 1.7 2.7 1.0 3.4 3.2 559 136 North Africa 3.3 2.7 1.2 4.0 3.8 248 497 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 2.7 0.9 3.0 2.8 310 640 Sub-Saharan Africa less South Africa 1.1 3.2 1.0 3.6 3.3 197 366 America 0.3 1.8 3.9 2.8 0.4 2 005 658 Central America and the Caribbean 1.1 2.3 2.5 5.1 0.7 851 749 South America 0.1 1.6 4.4 2.0 0.4 1 153 909 Asia 5.3 6.9 6.6 4.6 3.2 3 944 810 West Asia 0.7 3.8 2.6 3.1 -0.4 660 425 Central Asia .. .. -10.5 3.2 11.1 53 042 South, East and South-East Asia 7.0 7.7 7.9 4.9 3.7 3 231 343 South, East and South-East Asia less China 6.1 7.6 6.6 3.7 2.2 2 072 312 Oceania 2.5 5.2 4.3 1.5 -0.3 13 135 Countries in Central and Eastern Europe 2.9 1.3 -7.2 1.8 4.0 806 241 Developed countries 2.5 3.7 1.8 2.9 0.7 23 746 827 North America 3.1 3.4 2.6 4.2 0.4 10 759 745 Europe 1.7 3.2 1.3 2.6 1.5 8 318 175 Others Memorandum 3.2 4.9 1.4 1.4 -0.2 4 668 907 Developing countries less China 2.3 4.2 4.3 3.3 1.5 5 363 708 Least developed countries 2.5 1.7 1.9 4.6 4.8 202 781 Per capita GDP growth [1] Average annual growth rates of real GDP per capita in % and 2001 nominal GDP per capita in US$ Regions 1980-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 2001 World 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.7 -0.2 5 055 Developing countries 0.3 2.4 3.3 2.3 0.9 1 319 Africa -1.2 -0.1 -1.5 1.0 0.9 687 North Africa 0.5 0.3 -0.9 2.1 1.9 1 405 Sub-Saharan Africa -2.1 -0.3 -1.8 0.5 0.4 488 Sub-Saharan Africa less South Africa -1.8 0.2 -1.8 0.9 0.8 333 America -1.8 -0.2 2.1 1.2 -1.0 3 798 Central America and the Caribbean -1.1 0.3 0.6 3.2 -1.0 4 846 South America -2.0 -0.3 2.6 0.5 -1.1 3 275 Asia 2.8 4.8 4.8 3.1 1.8 1 097 West Asia -2.8 0.4 0.1 1.1 -2.3 2 742 Central Asia .. .. -11.3 2.5 10.3 724 South, East and South-East Asia 4.5 5.7 6.2 3.4 2.4 985 South, East and South-East Asia less China 2.9 5.4 4.6 1.9 0.6 1 027 Oceania 0.0 2.7 1.8 -0.8 -2.4 1 586 Countries in Central and Eastern Europe 2.1 0.6 -7.1 2.1 4.4 2 396 Developed countries 1.9 3.0 1.1 2.2 0.1 27 400 North America 2.1 2.3 1.5 3.1 -0.6 33 724 Europe 1.4 2.8 0.9 2.3 1.3 21 273 Others 2.4 4.3 0.9 0.9 -0.6 29 812 Memorandum Developing countries less China -0.7 1.8 2.2 1.4 -0.3 1 457 Least developed countries 0.0 -0.9 -0.7 2.1 2.3 296 19
Page 1: 2004 Development and Globalization:
Page 4 and 5: ii Note Development and Globalizati
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Page 8 and 9: vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
Page 11 and 12: 1 Countries, population and economi
Page 13 and 14: 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
Page 15 and 16: 33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
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Page 19 and 20: 2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
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Page 27: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
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Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past two d
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5 Production and international trad
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Production of selected commodities
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 100 8
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1966 2000 Share of commodity export
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Dist
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Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
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50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
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90 6.2 International trade in manuf
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92 6.2 International trade in manuf
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7 Information and communication tec
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Developed countries Developed count
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
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AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
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CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
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ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
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