Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Since 1971, the United Nations has used the term least developed countries (LDCs) to denote a category of countries (originally 24, currently 50) that are poor and considered highly disadvantaged in their development process. Countries on this list are considered to have a particularly high risk of failing to overcome poverty, and to need the highest degree of support from the international community in their development efforts. By periodically identifying the LDCs and highlighting their structural problems, the United Nations sends a strong signal to the development partners of these countries and underscores the need for special concessions and benefits in their favour. In 2002, the LDCs accounted for 11% of the world’s population but only 0.6% of world GDP. Their average gross national income per capita was $438, compared with $2,848 in other developing countries. Over the period 1979–2001, LDCs experienced 9.5% more instability in their agricultural production and 49% more instability in their exports of goods and services than other developing countries. In 2002, their share of world merchandise exports was 0.6%, while that of other developing countries was 31%. People in LDCs can expect to live an average of 50 years, compared with 63 years in developing countries as a group. About 95 out of 1,000 children in LDCs die in their first year, compared with 35 out of 1,000 in other developing countries. In 2001, one-third of the three million people who died of AIDS in the world were inhabitants of LDCs. In the past three decades, adult literacy in LDCs has increased from 22% to only 56%, compared with an increase from 53% to 83% in other developing countries. To learn more 2 1.1 Selected groups of developing countries ● In the 2003 triennial review of the list of least developed countries (LDCs) by the United Nations, the criteria used for inclusion in the new list were low income, based on a three-year average estimate of the gross national income per capita (under $750 for inclusion, above $900 for graduation); human resource weakness, involving a composite human assets index (HAI); and economic vulnerability, involving a composite economic vulnerability index (EVI). ● The official list of LDCs currently includes Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia. ● Benefits derived from LDC status include development financing from bilateral, regional, and multilateral donors and financial institutions, including grants and loans at very favourable terms; benefits in the multilateral trading system in the form of special concessions under several Agreements in the World Trade Organization and preferential market access by several trading partners; and technical assistance, including priority programmes in the United Nations system and through bilateral and multilateral development partners. DATA SOURCES [1] UN Economic and Social Council’s Committee for Development Policy. UNCTAD’s Special Programme for Least Developed, Landlocked and Island Developing Countries is the main source of statistical information on the LDCs. It conducts research and analysis on the challenges LDCs face in the context of globalization and publishes the results in the periodic Least Developed Countries Report. The programme contributes to the triennial review of the list of LDCs and monitors the benefits derived from LDC status. It coordinates UNCTAD’s capacity-building assistance in the LDCs, particularly through the inter-agency Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to LDCs. Finally, it plays a catalytic role in supporting the development of some economic sectors particularly important to LDCs, such as cultural industries and international tourism. Information on UNCTAD’s work in this area is available at www.unctad.org/ldcs.
3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50 25 0 150 100 50 0 Indicators relevant to the criteria for determining the list of LDCs [1] 305.0 170.0 34.3 109.3 Gross national income per capita (US$, 2002) 377.0 126.5 30.1 77.4 940.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1 000 live births, 2000) 64.9 438.0 142.0 Share of manufacturing and modern services in GDP (%, 2001) 47.4 36.0 Agricultural production instability index (1979 - 2001) 137.6 109.3 African LDCs and Haiti 2 848.0 49.8 49.9 100.0 Asian and Middle - Eastern LDCs 150 100 50 0 90 60 30 0 150 100 50 0 150 100 50 0 114.6 49.9 136.4 Least developed countries 1.1 A 120.1 53.8 98.6 131.5 76.0 126.3 147.8 141.6 140.1 Small island LDCs LDCs Calorie intake as % of minimum requirement (1998) Adult literacy rate (%, 2000) 118.9 55.7 Merchandise export concentration index (2001) 128.4 Goods and services export instabiliy index (1979 - 2001) 145.4 Other developing countries 142.5 82.8 100.0 100.0 3
Page 1: 2004 Development and Globalization:
Page 4 and 5: ii Note Development and Globalizati
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Page 8 and 9: vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
Page 11: 1 Countries, population and economi
Page 15 and 16: 33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
Page 17 and 18: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
Page 19 and 20: 2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
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Page 27 and 28: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
Page 29 and 30: Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
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Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 ye
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS During the las
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Between 1980 a
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The main devel
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The world’s
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past two d
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5 Production and international trad
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Production of selected commodities
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1966 2000 Share of commodity export
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Dist
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Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
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50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
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90 6.2 International trade in manuf
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92 6.2 International trade in manuf
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7 Information and communication tec
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Developed countries Developed count
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
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AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
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CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
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ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
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