Development and Globalization: - Unctad

More documents

Recommendations

Info

OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 years have seen a substantial increase in the number of regional and sub-regional trade agreements signed worldwide. While this trend has helped many areas to intensify their mutual trade and allowed various countries to profit from expanding exports, it has not systematically resulted in increased intra-trade within the trade groupings that have been created. Since 1980, intra-regional trade has grown in all regions except Central and Eastern Europe. The biggest absolute rise in intra-trade has occurred in the Asian region. After declining during the 1970s and 1980s, intra-trade almost tripled in Africa during the past 20 years. However, in 2001, it still represented only 12% of total exports from that continent. For internal trade within trade groupings, the picture is more subdued. Despite the significant rise in intra-trade for the Asian region, trade within the region’s trade groups did not evolve proportionately. This simply indicates that economic integration was broad based. The past decade also witnessed the emergence of sub-regional trading blocs in Latin America. This yielded mainly positive, although in some groups modest results for the countries involved with regard to increasing their exports to other members of the trade blocs. In Africa, numerous subregional trade agreements were signed, but none of the groups managed to surpass the threshold of 13% of exports directed to other members within a trade bloc. For Central and Eastern European states, the perspective of their accession to the European Union has boosted their trade with members of that group. A similar effect occurred with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): commercial exchange between Canada, Mexico and the United States started to increase significantly before NAFTA entered into force in January 1994. To learn more 54 4.2 International trade in merchandise ● Intra-trade is international trade among countries that belong to the same group (for example, a regional or trade grouping). ● Depending on their level of economic integration, countries may participate concurrently in various trade groupings. Economic integration among countries ranges from strict trade integration to economic policy harmonization. The lowest degree of economic integration corresponds to a preferential trade arrangement. The highest degree of integration corresponds to a single market. In between are free trade agreements, customs unions and common markets. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2003, table 1.4. In its Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series, UNCTAD has published the following studies on the effects of trade agreements: Assessing South-South Regional Integration: Same Issues, Many Metrics and Assessing Regional Trade Arrangements: Are South-South RTAs More Trade Diverting? For more information, see also North, South, East, West: What’s best? Modern RTAs and Their Implications for the Stability of Trade Policy, a Research Paper from the University of Nottingham, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Article XXIV, which defines the meaning of a customs union and a free trade area in the GATT context.
Exports of trade groupings [1] Intra-trade as % of total exports and total 2002 exports in million US$ Trade groupings Intra-trade of regions and trade groupings 4.2 C Date of Total exports 1970 1980 1990 2002 creation 2002 Africa Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 1976 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.7 12 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa* 1994 7.4 5.7 6.3 5.6 1 487 Economic Community of Central African States 1983 9.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 238 Economic Community of West African States 1975 2.9 9.6 8.0 11.1 2 987 Mano River Union 1973 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.3 5 Southern African Development Community 1992 4.2 0.4 3.1 8.8 3 954 Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 1994 4.9 1.6 2.3 1.3 130 West African Economic and Monetary Union 1994 6.5 9.6 13.0 12.6 826 Arab Maghreb Union 1989 1.4 0.3 2.9 2.8 1 214 America Andean Community 1996 1.8 3.8 4.1 10.6 5 673 Central American Common Market 1961 26.0 24.4 15.3 11.5 2 598 Caribbean Community 1973 4.2 5.3 8.1 13.5 1 276 Free Trade Area of the Americas 1994 45.0 43.4 46.6 60.7 788 114 Latin American Integration Association 1980 9.9 13.9 11.6 13.6 43 094 Southern Common Market 1994 9.4 11.6 8.9 17.7 16 544 North American Free Trade Agreement 1992 36.0 33.6 41.4 56.0 612 965 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 1981 _ 9.0 8.1 3.8 43 Asia Association of South-East Asian Nations 1967 22.4 17.4 19.0 22.8 94 760 Bangkok Agreement 1975 2.8 1.7 1.6 7.4 44 470 Economic Cooperation Organisation** 1985 2.2 6.3 3.2 5.5 4 758 Gulf Cooperation Council 1981 4.6 3.0 8.0 5.8 8 861 Melanesia Spearhead Group 1994 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.8 34 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 1985 3.2 4.8 3.2 3.9 2 697 Europe Baltic countries 1991 _ _ _ 13.1 1 571 European Free Trade Association 1968 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.6 925 European Union 1957 59.5 60.8 65.9 61.0 1 469 856 Euro zone 2002 53.2 51.4 55.1 49.8 1 002 845 European Union and accession countries 2004 60.1 60.9 67.1 66.6 1 699 581 Interregional groupings Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 1989 57.9 57.9 68.4 73.5 2 169 919 Black Sea Economic Cooperation 1992 3.3 5.9 4.2 13.9 25 599 Commonwealth of Independent States 1991 _ _ _ 18.9 26 833 ** Prior to 2000, data unavailable for Namibia and Swaziland. ** Prior to 1995, data unavailable for Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. 55
Page 1:
2004 Development and Globalization:
Page 4 and 5:
ii Note Development and Globalizati
Page 6 and 7:
This publication was prepared by a
Page 8 and 9:
vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
Page 11 and 12:
1 Countries, population and economi
Page 13 and 14: 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
Page 15 and 16: 33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
Page 17 and 18: 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
Page 19 and 20: 2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
Page 21 and 22: Population structure by age, 2000 [
Page 23 and 24: 1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
Page 25 and 26: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
Page 27 and 28: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
Page 29 and 30: Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
Page 31: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
Page 58 and 59: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In 2002 the va
Page 60 and 61: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS An important f
Page 62 and 63: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
Page 66 and 67: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS During the las
Page 68 and 69: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Between 1980 a
Page 70 and 71: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 72 and 73: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The main devel
Page 74 and 75: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The world’s
Page 76 and 77: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
Page 78 and 79: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Tariffs of dev
Page 80 and 81: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past two d
Page 83 and 84: 5 Production and international trad
Page 85 and 86: Production of selected commodities
Page 87 and 88: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 100 8
Page 89 and 90: 1966 2000 Share of commodity export
Page 91 and 92: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Dist
Page 93 and 94: Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
Page 95: 50 40 30 20 10 Commodity price vola
Page 98 and 99: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global industr
Page 100 and 101: 90 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.2 International trade in manuf
Page 105 and 106: 7 Information and communication tec
Page 107 and 108: Developed countries Developed count
Page 109: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 00
Page 112 and 113: AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
Page 114 and 115:
CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
Page 116 and 117:
ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
Page 118 and 119:
Designed and printed by Publishing
show all

Development and Globalization: - Unctad

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?