Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In developing countries, the most important trend since 1961 with regard to production and processing of agricultural commodities has been the growth in developing Asia's share. For cotton lint, grains and sugar, the share of developed countries has remained constant or decreased somewhat, while the shares of Latin America and countries in Central and Eastern Europe have declined. Least developed countries have been able to maintain their shares of world production. Growth in global production of agricultural commodities in general has been relatively slow, owing to the fact that demand is not very sensitive to increases in income. At the same time, the composition of total demand has changed, with the share of basic foods declining and that of higher value products rising. With respect to metals, the rapid industrialization of Asian developing countries, particularly China, and their consequent emergence as major producers (in terms of value) are striking. This expansion of production has occurred largely in response to domestic and regional demand. Countries in Latin America have also increased their share of global metals production, mainly for export of developed countries has fallen dramatically - partly owing to reduced competitiveness in natural-resourcebased industries, partly because the most dynamic markets are now in developing countries. Significantly, the market share of developed countries has fallen much more for metals, where there are few barriers to trade, than for agricultural commodities, where tariffs are high (especially for processed items) and where developed countries' subsidies to domestic producers make it difficult for developing countries to compete. To learn more 74 5.1 Production and processing of commodities ● Agricultural commodities include food items and agricultural raw materials. ● Grains incorporate: wheat, maize, barley, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, canary seed, cereals n.e.s., mixed grains, quinau. ● Sugar covers: sugar, raw centrifugal production: sum of cane sugar and beet sugar processed further to obtain refined sugar. ● Metals include minerals, ores and metals. ● Market share, in this context, refers to the share of a particular country grouping (for example, developing countries) in total world production of a specific commodity. DATA SOURCES [1] UNCTAD, Commodity Yearbook (various issues). [1] UNCTAD, Handbook of World Mineral Trade Statistics (various issues).iscussion Paper No. 159. UNCTAD provides detailed and comprehensive data on commodities production and trade. The UNCTAD e-portal INFOCOMM at www.unctad.org/infocomm gives information in English, French and Spanish on a large number of commodities, as well as documents on commodity-related issues and links to other sites with commodity information. The World Commodity Survey analyses main trends in commodities and examines global factors affecting commodity markets. The Commodity Yearbook offers detailed statistical data on production and trade of a wide range of commodities. The Handbook of World Mineral Trade Statistics provides detailed statistics on international trade in all economically important minerals and metals.
Production of selected commodities by region [1] 35.2 25.8 26.1 16.3 19.4 Production of commodities 5.1 A 1961 Cotton lint (%) 2000 1961 Aluminium (%) 2000 1961 Grains (%) 2000 1961 Refined copper (%) 2000 40.7 1961 Sugar (%) 2000 1961 Crude steel (%) 2000 0.3 0.0 5.4 7.8 6.3 14.6 5.9 13.8 26.8 19.1 0.0 34.2 25.3 0.3 0.0 26.6 0.0 8.9 5.5 5.4 34.2 0.0 59.1 7.3 27.5 1.0 0.4 2.1 4.6 15.9 Developing Africa Developing America Developing Asia Developing Oceania Central and Eastern Europe Developed countries Production of selected commodities [1] Annual average growth rate1961 - 2000 in % and 2000 production in thousand tons 41.6 11.2 5.7 8.0 30.5 Regions Cotton lint Grains Sugar World 1.8 18 836 2.0 1 440 879 2.3 127 200 Developing countries 2.9 13 831 2.9 636 812 2.9 88 175 Africa 2.1 1 671 1.7 81 723 3.1 9 313 America -0.6 1 031 2.8 115 623 1.7 35 034 Asia 3.9 11 128 3.2 439 451 4.5 43 505 Oceania .. .. 4.7 14 2.0 322 Countries in Central and Eastern Europe -14.6 3 -0.1 161 142 2.2 6 833 Developed countries 1.0 5 002 2.1 599 094 1.7 32 193 Memorandum Developing countries less China 2.4 9 481 2.6 420 049 2.8 80 374 Least developed countries 2.6 1 032 2.3 44 112 3.0 2 392 Regions Aluminium Refined copper Steel World 4.4 24 488 2.8 14 826 2.3 849 579 Developing countries 10.7 8 645 5.2 7 270 6.9 325 854 Africa 8.4 1 122 -1.2 376 4.2 13 767 America 13.0 2 167 6.8 3 732 6.2 55 896 Asia 10.8 5 356 8.6 3 161 7.3 256 191 Oceania .. .. .. .. .. .. Countries in Central and Eastern Europe 3.5 3 905 1.5 1 400 0.7 124 535 Developed countries Memorandum 3.3 11 938 1.6 6 156 1.4 399 190 Developing countries less China 11.1 5 656 4.8 5 898 7.1 198 618 Least developed countries .. .. -1.8 283 5.9 94 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 26.9 15.4 64.9 74.3 11.7 5.6 2.4 0.8 1.5 4.7 66.2 0.0 41.5 0.0 48.8 47.0 14.7 9.4 2.5 0.0 1.6 6.6 8.8 25.2 21.3 21.9 30.2 75
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2004 Development and Globalization:
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ii Note Development and Globalizati
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This publication was prepared by a
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vi Contents Notes ii Foreword iii A
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1 Countries, population and economi
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3 000 2 000 1 000 0 180 120 60 0 50
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33 Exports by commodity group, 2001
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160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 140 1
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2001 1990 1980 1970 12 8 4 0 600 50
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Population structure by age, 2000 [
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1970 2000 Illiteracy rate [1] Devel
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ma
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Participation o
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Share of nominal GDP by region, 200
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Gross dom
Page 34 and 35: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Total aggregat
Page 36 and 37: 26 2.1 External finance and debt OV
Page 38 and 39: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The total exte
Page 40 and 41: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Ratios of debt
Page 42 and 43: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Global foreign
Page 44 and 45: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS In the past tw
Page 46 and 47: 36 2.2 Foreign direct investment OV
Page 49 and 50: 3 Transnational corporations and fo
Page 51 and 52: World's top 50 non-financial TNCs i
Page 53 and 54: Largest transnational corporations
Page 55: Selected indicators of internationa
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Page 62 and 63: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS Over the past
Page 64 and 65: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS The past 30 ye
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Page 70 and 71: OVERVIEW DEFINITIONS International
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Page 89 and 90: 1966 2000 Share of commodity export
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Page 93 and 94: Commodity price indices [1] 400 300
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Page 107 and 108: Developed countries Developed count
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Page 112 and 113: AFRICA 58 North Africa 7 Algeria Eg
Page 114 and 115: CEPGL 3 (Economic Community of the
Page 116 and 117: ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia-Pa
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Development and Globalization: - Unctad

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