COST Action E 52 - vTI - Bund.de

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esearch PrIorITIes For beech IN brITaIN Over the past century a number of lines of active applied research have been pursued with regard to beech in Great Britain, both by the research branch of the Forestry Commission (now known as Forest Research) and by academic researchers in university forestry departments and government research institutes. The main areas of work have been: • Plant ecology and site affiliations – early work between the two world wars adopted the Continental European phyto-sociological and edaphic approaches, leading essentially to the three-fold floristic/edaphic classification of the British beechwoods. Leading researchers in this period were Tansley, Watt and Bourne, based at the university forestry departments in Oxford and Cambridge (Tansley 1911, 1939, Watt 1923/25, 1931, 1934, Watt, Tansley 1930). The Chiltern and Cotswold beechwoods received particular attention. Later woodland ecologists such as Peterken and Rodwell have refined the basic classification of the British beech woodland communities, providing finer detail (Peterken 1993, Rodwell 1991). • establishment and productivity – post Second World War research, based at the Forestry Commission’s Alice Holt Research Station, focussed on improving techniques for the establishment of new beech crops, particularly on rendzina soils/calcareous grasslands within the British natural range. There was also a programme of tree breeding, with early provenance trials, elite tree selection, progeny trials and seed orchard establishment (Savill, Fennessy, Samuel 2005). Leading Forestry Commission researchers on beech were J. M. B. Brown and D. Fourt (Brown 1953). Current advice would be to establish beech crops at 2,500 stems/ha or ideally more. Crops established at 1,100 stems/ha require intensive pruning to achieve satisfactory timber crops and this is rarely applied due to high costs for the required labour inputs. • diseases and pests – the long-standing disease of beech in Great Britain was beech bark disease, caused by an initial infestation by the felted beech coccus insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) followed by lesion infection with the fungus Nectria coccinea. Together these cause significant canker and die-back of beech from the pole-stage onwards and were the subject of research at Alice Holt in the 19 0s and 1980s (Lonsdale, Wainhouse 198 ). More recently attention has turned to the highly aggressive Phytophthora fungus-like pathogens that have become established in western parts of Great Britain (Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae). Although the main hosts for these species in Great Britain are ornamental shrub species such as Rhododendron, Azalea, Syringa and Pieris, these pathogens have demonstrated an ability to infect beech trees growing in close proximity, particularly in the warm-moist climates of south-western Britain. More recently Larix kaempferi has been affected in this region. A programme of research is currently being pursued, led by Forest Research at Alice Holt, to develop avoidance and mitigation measures for these new diseases across a range of tree species. Grey squirrels remain the main mammalian pest of beech within its British native range, causing significant bark stripping damage, especially at the poletimber stage. This species was introduced to Britain in the 1800s and has since spread widely, displacing the native, and less damaging, red squirrel. A variety of research and development approaches has been pursued to enable effective control of grey squirrels in the forestry context by trapping and to examine the potential applicability of immuno-contraception. • drought damage and die-back – since the severe summer droughts of 19 5 – 19 6, increasing evidence has been found of mature beech within the British natural range suffering apparent drought damage (Peterken, Mountford 1996). This leads to crown recession and partial 136
defoliation, and in severe cases, stem lesions and mortality (Innes 1988, Power, Ashmore, Ling 1995, Stribley 2005). The Forestry Commission forest condition monitoring programmes detected such damage through the 1980s and 1990s when there were several episodes of atypically severe summer drought. The risks to beech are highest on shallow or sandy soils with Fig. 8: European-scale beech provenance trial – Northmoor Trust Fig. 9: Beech provenance trial – planted early 1950‘s – south Scotland 13
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
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Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
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TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
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Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
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Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
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“Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Armenia is characterized by a mount
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Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
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The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
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PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
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Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
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was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
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Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
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Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
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Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
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Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
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Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
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eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
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Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
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activities already during medieval
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established aimed at seed productio
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Fig. 4: Sub-Mediterranean type of d
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CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
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Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
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The health status of beech forests
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Under the auspices of the Internati
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Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
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the Adriatic coast, while in the co
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Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
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Fig. 2: International beech provena
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Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
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European beech is distributed almos
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According to the Report about fores
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The most important ex situ conserva
Page 87 and 88: eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
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Page 93 and 94: euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Page 95 and 96: GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
Page 99 and 100: eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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Page 105 and 106: Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
Page 107 and 108: - Matured and over-aged groups acco
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
Page 111 and 112: curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
Page 113 and 114: • Elaborating and implementation
Page 115 and 116: curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
Page 117 and 118: other forest species or grassland.
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
Page 121 and 122: the earnings for the forest owner f
Page 123 and 124: Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
Page 125 and 126: have had human assistance in this c
Page 127 and 128: elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
Page 129 and 130: Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
Page 131 and 132: with the intention that stands woul
Page 133 and 134: Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
Page 135 and 136: Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
Page 137: Recently the four British Regions o
Page 141 and 142: Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
Page 143 and 144: curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
Page 145 and 146: Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
Page 147 and 148: Regions of provenances: The whole c
Page 149 and 150: sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
Page 151 and 152: decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
Page 153 and 154: Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
Page 155 and 156: elevation where beech occurs is ext
Page 157 and 158: Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
Page 159 and 160: eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
Page 161 and 162: maIN beech dIseases aNd PesTs Europ
Page 163 and 164: In the field of forest genetic rese
Page 165 and 166: Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
Page 167 and 168: A recent inventory of all forest la
Page 169 and 170: Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
Page 171 and 172: In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
Page 173 and 174: GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
Page 175 and 176: Provenance studies revealed differe
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Page 179 and 180: A very peculiarly feature of this b
Page 181 and 182: absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
Page 183 and 184: Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
Page 185 and 186: de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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a long enough period for regenerati
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Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
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Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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coNservaTIoN aNd raTIoNaL uTILIZaTI
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eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
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centre of Poland. The highest value
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Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
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*** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
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and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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(Willd. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomitopsis
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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