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GeNe reserves aNd NaTure reserves IN ausTrIa Beech forest ecosystems are included in the Austrian programme of gene conservation forests (Geburek, Müller 2006, Konrad, Litschauer, Geburek 200 ). These in situ gene conservation units have been established in order to conserve genetic resources of regional importance. The Austrian system of forest ecoregions serves as filter at a landscape level for identifying valuable forest stands. The forest authority and the “Austrian Research and Training Centre for Forests“ (BFW) select valuable beech stands but the final decision is made in a voluntary manner together with the respective forest enterprise. Subsidies are provided to the owners to compensate special efforts and increased silvicultural management costs. These forests are managed specifically to foster natural regeneration. In this way the natural selection dynamics and adaptive potential of the species are preserved. Today, 106 gene conservation forests with a total area of 3,269.8 ha have been established (Tab. 1). Tab. 1: Gene conservation forests containing beech as a main or a secondary tree species 42 Forest type Number of gene conservation forests Area (ha) spruce-fir-beech forest 78 2,819.5 beech forest 26 447.8 sycamore maple-beech forest 2 2.5 Total 106 3,269.8 The “Austrian Nature Reserve Programme” is a method for protecting valuable forest ecosystems and was initiated as a consequence of the ministerial conference process Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) in 1993 (Frank, Mueller 2003). Beech as well as spruce-fir-beech forests are of particular relevance for the nature reserve programme, as those forest communities are to be found all over the Austrian forest ecoregions. The number of existing reserves is given in Table 2 as well as the number of reserves which needs to be established in future in order to cover the Austrian forest communities in a representative way. The success of the “Austrian Nature Reserve Programme” clearly demonstrates the commitment of the forest owners. Thus the future of the programme depends only on the political provision of funds. Both programmes (the nature reserves and the gene reserves) are valuable methods for preserving the Austrian gene pool of European beech, which complement each other. The nature reserves warrant natural dynamics without active forest management and the gene reserves encourage individual management measures for the respective reserves. Both strategies should be continued in order to meet the challenge of global warming. ForesT research Fagus sylvatica traditionally has not been the among the main target species in Austrian forest genetics, which may be explained by the dominating economic interest in Norway spruce. Within the Austrian forest monitoring programme, the forest tree fertility, pollen and seed release of beech
Tab. 2: Compilation of different associations of Austrian (sycamore-) beech and spruce-fir-beech forests according to WILLNER (2007) and their respective representation in the “Nature Reserve Programme” throughout the 22 Austrian forest ecoregions Forest type Association Number of reserves To be established (missing) beech forests Athyrio distentifolii-Fagetum 0 2 Carici albae-Fagetum 1 1 Castaneo-Fagetum 0 2 Cyclamini-Fagetum 4 6 Galio odorati-Fagetum 9 7 Hacquetio-Fagetum 0 2 Helleboro nigri-Fagetum 1 4 Lamio orvalae-Fagetum 2 2 Melampyro-Fagetum 6 8 Mercuriali-Fagetum 7 5 Ostryo-Fagetum 2 2 Taxo-Fagetum high montane sycamore - beech forests 0 1 Saxifrago rotundifoliae-Fagetum spruce-fir-beech forests 5 4 Adenostylo glabrae-Fagetum 5 3 Anemono trifoliae-Fagetum 2 1 Calamagrostio villosae-Fagetum 1 6 Cardamino trifoliae-Fagetum 4 5 Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum 1 0 Isopyro-Fagetum 0 2 Lonicero alpigenae-Fagetum 1 1 Luzulo-Fagetum 7 8 Poo stiriacae-Fagetum 1 0 Σ 59 72 has been observed for more than 24 years (Litschauer, Konrad 2006). Relatively recent activities were initiated dealing with provenance research and genetic diversity in the species. The project DYNABEECH (2001 – 2004) aimed to assess the impacts of silvicultural regimes on genetic and ecological diversity (Buiteveld et al. 200 ). Also the latest international research projects on molecular markers as well as the first international beech provenance test (COST Action E52) involved Austrian research activities (e. g. Comps et al. 1998, Magri et al. 2006). In addition to the international beech provenance trial, a similar national trial has been established in 1995 using a large number of Austrian provenances. The latest findings can be interpreted in a way that suggests that the glacial refuge of the Austrian beech population may have been in the Balkan Peninsula (Magri et al. 2006). The long-term monitoring 43
Page 1 and 2: Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
Page 3 and 4: Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
Page 5: COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
Page 8 and 9: Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
Page 10 and 11: Genetic resources of beech in Europ
Page 13 and 14: The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
Page 15 and 16: • Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
Page 19 and 20: TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
Page 21 and 22: Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
Page 25 and 26: “Qaf Shtame” national park, in
Page 27 and 28: Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
Page 29 and 30: Armenia is characterized by a mount
Page 31 and 32: Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
Page 33 and 34: The Georgian oak forests prefer the
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
Page 37 and 38: PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
Page 39 and 40: Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
Page 41 and 42: was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
Page 43: Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
Page 47 and 48: Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
Page 53 and 54: eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
Page 57 and 58: activities already during medieval
Page 59 and 60: established aimed at seed productio
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Page 63 and 64: CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
Page 67 and 68: The health status of beech forests
Page 69 and 70: Under the auspices of the Internati
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Page 73 and 74: the Adriatic coast, while in the co
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
Page 77 and 78: Fig. 2: International beech provena
Page 79 and 80: Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
Page 81 and 82: European beech is distributed almos
Page 83 and 84: According to the Report about fores
Page 85 and 86: The most important ex situ conserva
Page 87 and 88: eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
Page 89 and 90: Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
Page 91 and 92: ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
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Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
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eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
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5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
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Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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- Matured and over-aged groups acco
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Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
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curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
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• Elaborating and implementation
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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other forest species or grassland.
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Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
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the earnings for the forest owner f
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Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
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have had human assistance in this c
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elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
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Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
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with the intention that stands woul
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Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
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Recently the four British Regions o
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defoliation, and in severe cases, s
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Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
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curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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elevation where beech occurs is ext
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Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
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maIN beech dIseases aNd PesTs Europ
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In the field of forest genetic rese
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Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
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A recent inventory of all forest la
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Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
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In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
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Provenance studies revealed differe
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GeNeTIc resources aNd reProducTIve
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A very peculiarly feature of this b
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
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de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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Fig. 1: Natural distribution of Eur
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a long enough period for regenerati
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Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
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Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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coNservaTIoN aNd raTIoNaL uTILIZaTI
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eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
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centre of Poland. The highest value
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Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
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*** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
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and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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(Willd. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomitopsis
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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