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210 curreNT sTaTe oF baLKaN beech (Fagus sylvatica ssP. sylvatica) GeNe PooL IN The rePubLIc oF serbIa Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić 1 – Saša Orlović 2 – Andrej Pilipović 2 1 Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia 2 University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Antona Čehova 13, 21000 Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia absTracT Total forest area of Serbia is 2,412,940 ha. The dominant species in the forest growing stock is beech (50.4% by volume) with a wide range of vertical distribution, occurring in a great number of forest types, in different structural forms, in pure or mixed stands, of different origin, at different sites. The main characteristic of the beech gene pool in Serbia is high individual and group variability in many morphological and genetic-physiological traits, which results in numerous intraspecific taxa described in this region. Key words: Balkan beech, bukva (in Serbian), taxonomy, morphology, variability, range, forest community, environmental conditions, state, forest management system, fungi, insects, gene pool TaXoNomy In Serbia, in addition to European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), according to Jovanović (2000), there is also Balkan beech which is the most represented species. This author considers Balkan beech (Fagus moesiaca Domin, Maly/Czeczott.), as a separate species in the region of the Balkan Peninsula and Serbia. Balkan beech was first described as a separate taxon by Josef Karel Malý in 1911. The description of this taxon was later completed by Czeczott (1933). Opinions regarding the taxonomical status of this taxon varied. Frequently, it is described as a separate unit (Czeczott 1933, Fukarek 1954). Mišić (195 ) considers it a phylogenetical link between F. sylvatica and F. orientalis. Sometimes it is considered a hybrid between both species morphologically closer to F. sylvatica (Becker 1981), a mixture of F. sylvatica and F. orientalis with the occurrence of transition forms dominated by characters of one of the two species (Stoyanoff 1932), an ecotype (Staňescu 19 9) or identical with the Crimean beech Fagus taurica Popl. (Didukh 1992). The morphological description of “F. moesiaca” is rather vague. There is no agreement among different authors about the morphological traits discriminating between the Balkan and European
and/or Eastern beech. For most characters, the mean values are different but the ranges of variation overlap considerably. In comparison with pure F. sylvatica, “F. moesiaca” has larger leaves with more lateral veins, larger beechnuts and longer cupule peduncle (Czeczott 1933, Mišić 195 , Staňescu 19 9). In addition to the morphology, “F. moesiaca” differs from F. sylvatica by a high sprouting capacity and a considerably higher frequency of seed years, as well as ecological requirements (Mišić 195 ). Furthermore, the description of the distribution range of Balkan beech is not unequivocal. The main part of the range seems to be the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia), Albania, Bulgaria and Greece (Fukarek 1954, Mišić 195 ), but isolated occurrences have been reported from south-eastern Rumania, Hungary and even Poland and the former Czechoslovakia (Karpáti ex Fukarek 1954, Staňescu 19 9). Croatian and Slovenian populations are generally considered F. sylvatica. European beech belongs to those forest tree species whose genetic variation has been very thoroughly documented within the majority of its range employing isozyme markers. However, the data for Balkan beech are scarce, especially for our main area of interest, i. e. the southern Balkans, and for Eastern beech they are practically missing. Comps et al. (1991) investigated beechwoods from the continental and Mediterranean parts of Croatia, and reported the presence of differences between these two regions. Data from Balkan countries were also included in a wide study of beechwoods in Central Europe (Comps et al. 1990), but the data from Serbia, Bulgaria and the Romanian Carpathians were pooled, so that no differentiation patterns within this large area could be identified. Recently, a study focusing on this region was published by Hazler et al. (199 ). Although there is a gap in their material between Macedonia and Croatia, a north-west to south-east cline can be identified in their presentation of PCA results. In all these reports, beech in this region was denoted as Fagus sylvatica L. The final question to be solved is the taxonomical status of Balkan beech. Unfortunately, the criteria for distinguishing species in the plant kingdom are very vague. The populations in this region can be distinguished from the remaining common beech by morphology, and they are genetically differentiated, so that they can be considered a separate taxon. Nevertheless, the rank of a separate species seems to be too high. There are other beechwoods, e. g. in Calabria, which are even more differentiated, but they are denoted as F. sylvatica. Therefore, the rank of a subspecies appears to be more appropriate for Balkan beech (Gömöry et al. 1999). morPhoLoGy Balkan beech is a deciduous tree capable of reaching a height up to 30 (45) m, a diameter of 2 m, and a lifespan up to 300 years. It has a dense crown, which is spherical in isolation, and reduced in stand conditions. Its root system is variable, shallow to medium deep, with well-developed lateral roots. Its bark is whitish-grey and smooth. It has thin twigs and long shoots with alternately arranged buds and leaves in two rows. The buds are long, spindle-shaped, prominently long, pointed. Bud scales are brown, naked and glossy. Balkan beech leaves grown in sunlight (resembling F. sylvatica leaves) differ from the leaves grown in the shade (which are similar to the leaves of F. orientalis). Sun leaves are smaller, thicker, ovate (elliptic), and shade leaves are larger, thinner, obovate with a wedge shaped base (elongated) with 5 – 12, most often 9 pairs of veins. The leaves are entire, sometimes crenate, sparsely toothed, with bristles. 211
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
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Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
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TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
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Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
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Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
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“Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Armenia is characterized by a mount
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Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
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The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
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PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
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Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
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was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
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Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
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Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
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Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
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Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
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Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
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eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
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Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
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activities already during medieval
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established aimed at seed productio
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Fig. 4: Sub-Mediterranean type of d
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CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
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Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
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The health status of beech forests
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Under the auspices of the Internati
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Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
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the Adriatic coast, while in the co
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Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
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Fig. 2: International beech provena
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Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
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European beech is distributed almos
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According to the Report about fores
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The most important ex situ conserva
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eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
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Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
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ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
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Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
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eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
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5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
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Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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- Matured and over-aged groups acco
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Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
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curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
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• Elaborating and implementation
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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other forest species or grassland.
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Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
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the earnings for the forest owner f
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Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
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have had human assistance in this c
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elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
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Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
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with the intention that stands woul
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Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
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Recently the four British Regions o
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defoliation, and in severe cases, s
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Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
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curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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elevation where beech occurs is ext
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Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
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Page 183 and 184: Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
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Page 237 and 238: Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
Page 239 and 240: 1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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Page 243 and 244: Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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