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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT Beech is found in different types of forests, the most common are beech and oak-beech forests in the plains (Carpino betuli-Fagenalia and Quercelia roboris), beech and fir-beech forests in the mountains (Fagenalia sylvaticae and Acerion pseudoplatani). The main silvicultural management is high forest (65%) followed by high forest with standard (26%) and coppice (9%) (Tab. 1). Tab. 1: Silvicultural management for the beech forests in France 92 Silviculture Surface % High forest 904,800 ha 65 High forest with standard 361,920 ha 26 Coppice 125,280 ha 9 The wood prices (Tab. 2) range from 3 €/m 3 to more than 1 5 €/m 3 therefore quality is a high priority but the best qualities (A and B) represent only 16.4% (Tab. 3). Several factors account for this low percentage: high forests are too dense, pathological problems, defaults like nodes, etc. Tab. 2: Beech wood prices in France in June 2008 (Anonymous 2008) Quality Length (m) Diameter (cm) Wood price (€/m3 ) A 3 55 and more 175 and more B 3 50 and more 35 – 123 B 2.5 45 and more 72 – 110 C 3 45 and more 30 – 40 C 2 35 and more 15 – 25 C 1.5 35 and more 16 – 20 D 1.8 30 and more 12 – 17 D 1.5 30 and more 3 – 7 Tab. 3: Volume and price of beech wood sold in Lorraine according to quality during the period 1994 – 1996 (BASTIEN, HEIN, CHAVANE 2005) Quality Percentage Price A 0.6 323 €/m3 B 15.8 168 €/m3 C 48.1 81 €/m3 D 35.5 38 €/m3 In order to increase the production of wood of good quality, silvicultural norms are evolving. The foresters are reducing cycle and density and are trying to promote mixed stand (up to 20%) with maple, oak, fir, wild cherry, wild service tree, etc.
GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN FraNce Natural regeneration is of high priority but plantations are still common. The number of commercialized beech seedlings produced is decreasing: 1, 4,000 seedlings in 2008, 2,553,000 in 2005 and 4, 14,000 in 1998. Beech is the most affected species by this phenomenon. It has several putative origins: (i) high priority for natural regeneration, (ii) fall of plantation density, (iii) cost of beech plantations, (iv) risk with climatic changes and (v) global decrease of artificial regeneration in France. In France, we have only ‘selected’ seed stands for forest reproductive material. France is divided in 16 provenance regions and has 169 selected beech seed stands. They cover a surface area of , 16.9 ha (Tab. 4). Tab. 4: Beech provenances regions in France Provenance region Selected stands Beech Code Name Number Surface area (ha) surface (%) FSY 101 Massif Armoricain 4 147.7 8 FSY 102 Nord 19 2,886.0 10 FSY 201 Nord-Est 70 3,010.0 19 FSY 202 Vallée de la Saône 0 0 6 FSY 301 Charentes 1 6.8 1 FSY 401 Massif Central nord (low altitude) 11 289.1 11 FSY 402 Massif Central nord (high altitude) 7 115.1 11 FSY 403 Massif Central sud 18 341.6 12 FSY 501 Jura 18 371.0 17 FSY 502 Préalpes du Nord 2 19.1 17 FSY 503 Alpes Internes nord 0 0 8 FSY 601 Pyrénées occidentales 7 160. 5 12 FSY 602 Pyrénées centrales 10 293.0 45 FSY 633 Pyrénées orientales 2 77.0 16 FSY 751 Région méditerranéenne 0 0 7 FSY 800 Corse 0 0 10 TOTAL 169 7,716.9 11 The delineation of the provenance regions (Fig. 2) was carried out according to: – Genetic data for the following provenances regions (Comps et al. 198 , Vernier, Teissier du Cros 1996, Magri et al. 2006): Nord (FSY102), Nord East (FSY201) and Pyrenees (FSY601, FSY602 and FSY603); – Soil conditions (Tessier Du Cros, Lepoutre 1983) for Massif Armoricain (FSY101), Charentes (FSY301) and North East (FSY201) ; – Climatic conditions for Massif Central (FSY401, FSY402 and FSY403); – Soil and climatic conditions: Jura (FSY501) and Alps (FSY502 and FSY503). 93
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
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Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
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TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
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Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
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Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
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“Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Armenia is characterized by a mount
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Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
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The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
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PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
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Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
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was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
Page 45 and 46: Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
Page 47 and 48: Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
Page 53 and 54: eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
Page 57 and 58: activities already during medieval
Page 59 and 60: established aimed at seed productio
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 4: Sub-Mediterranean type of d
Page 63 and 64: CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
Page 67 and 68: The health status of beech forests
Page 69 and 70: Under the auspices of the Internati
Page 71 and 72: Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
Page 73 and 74: the Adriatic coast, while in the co
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
Page 77 and 78: Fig. 2: International beech provena
Page 79 and 80: Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
Page 81 and 82: European beech is distributed almos
Page 83 and 84: According to the Report about fores
Page 85 and 86: The most important ex situ conserva
Page 87 and 88: eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
Page 89 and 90: Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
Page 91 and 92: ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
Page 93: euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
Page 99 and 100: eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
Page 101 and 102: of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
Page 103 and 104: 5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
Page 105 and 106: Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
Page 107 and 108: - Matured and over-aged groups acco
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
Page 111 and 112: curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
Page 113 and 114: • Elaborating and implementation
Page 115 and 116: curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
Page 117 and 118: other forest species or grassland.
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
Page 121 and 122: the earnings for the forest owner f
Page 123 and 124: Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
Page 125 and 126: have had human assistance in this c
Page 127 and 128: elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
Page 129 and 130: Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
Page 131 and 132: with the intention that stands woul
Page 133 and 134: Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
Page 135 and 136: Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
Page 137 and 138: Recently the four British Regions o
Page 139 and 140: defoliation, and in severe cases, s
Page 141 and 142: Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
Page 143 and 144: curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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elevation where beech occurs is ext
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Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
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maIN beech dIseases aNd PesTs Europ
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In the field of forest genetic rese
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Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
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A recent inventory of all forest la
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Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
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In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
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Provenance studies revealed differe
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GeNeTIc resources aNd reProducTIve
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A very peculiarly feature of this b
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
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de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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Fig. 1: Natural distribution of Eur
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a long enough period for regenerati
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Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
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Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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coNservaTIoN aNd raTIoNaL uTILIZaTI
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eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
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centre of Poland. The highest value
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Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
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*** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
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and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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(Willd. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomitopsis
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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