COST Action E 52 - vTI - Bund.de

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Currently about 35% of the beech stands are unthinned. Essentially all Irish beech stands are left unpruned and most are considered “medium branched”. Over 40% of the Irish beech stands are classed as “high forest” with 26% classified as “overmature” and 13% developing “high forest”. Stem form of beech in Ireland is very poor in relation to stands on the continent. This may be due to provenance but equally, environmental factors such as silvicultural management or exposure may play a significant role. Most of the older beech stands in Ireland have undergone some degree of “high grading” where the best individuals have been removed. Almost 80% of the beech stands are classed as producing saw logs (20 cm+), but because of downgrade, most of this material would actually only be useable as pulp (Anonymous 200 ). The average growing stock for publicly owner land is 1 0 m3 /ha while for private ownership it is 213 m3 /ha for an overall average of 1 2 m3 /ha. On average, beech stands in Ireland grow at a yield class of between 4 to 8 with perhaps a maximum of 10 m3 /ha/year on a rotation length of 100 to 120 years. Currently beech accounts for approximately 2% of the sowing programme in state nurseries (600,000 plants in 2009). dIseases aNd PesTs IN IreLaNd In Ireland beech tends to break bud in mid-April and as such it can be damaged by late spring frost. Young plants can be killed by frost due to an inability to produce new leaves. Frost can also cause shoot dieback which results in poor stem form. Beech leaves may be attacked by fungi causing powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides) or a leaf spot (gloesporium fagi) and by the beech leaf miner (Rhynchaenus fagi). The fungus ganoderma applanatum can cause a decay of the wood and young stems can be damaged by cankers caused by fungi of the genus Nectria (Nectria ditissima and N. coccinea). The beech woolly aphid (Phyllaphis fagi) can kill young beech plants. Beech bark disease which involves both woolly aphids and Nectria coccinea has not definitively been identified in Ireland. Mature trees may suffer from foot rots caused by the fungus Armillaria mellia. Major stem damage is caused by non-native grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) that strip the bark from trees in the late spring. Deer can also damage the lower stem of trees. ecoLoGy Beech is a species well adapted to Ireland’s maritime climate, although this may affect stem form. It grows on a wide range of soil types but reaches its best development on free draining soils of neutral to moderately alkaline pH. The tallest beech tree in Ireland recorded in the Specimen Tree Register of Ireland is 39 m with a circumference of 5.1 m (Anonymous 2005). It is not a good pioneer species because it requires shelter for successful establishment especially in afforestation situations in Ireland. Beech will not tolerate exposure once it has been established. As a shade tolerant species it will undoubtedly play an increasing role as an understory species in continuous cover forestry. Beech begins to flower at age 50 to 60 years. Late spring frosts can prevent good seed crops but generally mast years occur every 4 to 5 years. Natural regeneration can be prolific and beech is often regarded as an invasive alien species in native woodland, particularly on limestone soils. 166
Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora Property, Camolin Forest, Co Wexford (J. Fennessy) reProducTIve maTerIaL Because beech is not a native species in Ireland, the question of “what is the best seed source for Irish conditions” has been asked and continues to be asked. Records of the seed sources sown in state nurseries during the period 1930 to the present show that a wide range of material has been planted during the last 8 years. In many cases it was the price of the seed that determined its purchase. During the 1930s seed sources from Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and “Central Europe” were planted. During the period 1939 to 1953 beech seed was exclusively from “home collected” sources, mainly mature stands in old estates around the country. A number of the best stands has been registered as seed stands and the total area registered to-date amounts to 81 ha in total. In the 1960s two beech seed orchards were established using grafts of selected Irish sources to ensure a supply 16
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
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Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
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TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
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Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
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Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
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“Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Armenia is characterized by a mount
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Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
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The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
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PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
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Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
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was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
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Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
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Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
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Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
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Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
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Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
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eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
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Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
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activities already during medieval
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established aimed at seed productio
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Fig. 4: Sub-Mediterranean type of d
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CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
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Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
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The health status of beech forests
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Under the auspices of the Internati
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Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
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the Adriatic coast, while in the co
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Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
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Fig. 2: International beech provena
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Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
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European beech is distributed almos
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According to the Report about fores
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The most important ex situ conserva
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eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
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Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
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ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
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Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
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eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
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5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
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Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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- Matured and over-aged groups acco
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Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
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curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
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• Elaborating and implementation
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
Page 117 and 118: other forest species or grassland.
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
Page 121 and 122: the earnings for the forest owner f
Page 123 and 124: Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
Page 125 and 126: have had human assistance in this c
Page 127 and 128: elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
Page 129 and 130: Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
Page 131 and 132: with the intention that stands woul
Page 133 and 134: Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Page 139 and 140: defoliation, and in severe cases, s
Page 141 and 142: Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
Page 143 and 144: curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
Page 145 and 146: Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
Page 147 and 148: Regions of provenances: The whole c
Page 149 and 150: sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
Page 151 and 152: decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Page 157 and 158: Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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Page 163 and 164: In the field of forest genetic rese
Page 165 and 166: Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
Page 167: A recent inventory of all forest la
Page 171 and 172: In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
Page 173 and 174: GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
Page 175 and 176: Provenance studies revealed differe
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Page 179 and 180: A very peculiarly feature of this b
Page 181 and 182: absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
Page 183 and 184: Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
Page 185 and 186: de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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Page 191 and 192: Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
Page 193 and 194: GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
Page 195 and 196: Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
Page 197 and 198: Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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Page 201 and 202: eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
Page 203 and 204: curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
Page 205 and 206: Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
Page 207 and 208: centre of Poland. The highest value
Page 209 and 210: Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
Page 211 and 212: *** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
Page 213 and 214: and/or Eastern beech. For most char
Page 215 and 216: dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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