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26 curreNT sTaTe oF orIeNTaL beech (FAgUS oRIeNTALIS Lipsky) IN armeNIa HASMIK GHALACHYAN 1 – ANDRANIK GHULIJANYAN 2,3 1 Plant Resources Management Division, Bioresources Management Agency, Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia, Government Building 3, Republic Square, 3 5010 Yerevan, Armenia 2 “Forest Research and Experimental Centre’’ State Non-Commercial organization 3 Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia, Government Building 3, Republic Square, 3 5010 Yerevan, Armenia absTracT This paper presents the current state of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Armenia. It is the dominant tree species in 82.2% of the national forest area. Research shows that in Armenia oriental beech prefers to grow in the northern part of the country. From an economic viewpoint, the species provides a valuable wood resource which is widely used for the manufacture of furniture, as well as for carpentry and in the construction of buildings. Oriental beech is also an excellent park tree, with several ornamental garden forms. Furthermore, the paper describes the current state of the oriental beech gene pool and its preservation in the framework of the Armenian conservation programme. It includes information on the current state of forestry research on oriental beech and related activities. Key words: oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Բոխի արևելյան, ղաժի (in Armenian), oriental beach distribution, oriental beech ecology, preservation and conservation of oriental beech gene pool, genetically conditioned variability, research experiments INTroducTIoN The Republic of Armenia is located on the verge of Southern Caucasus and Asia Minor, occupying about 10% of the north-eastern part of the Armenian plateau and is situated between 35° 50‘ – 40° 15‘ of the northern latitude and 43° 2 ‘ – 46° 3 ‘ of the eastern longitude. Armenia borders Georgia in the north, Azerbaijan in the east, Iran in the south and Turkey in the west. Armenia is a typical mountainous country with a complex geographical structure. The total area of the country is 29, 40 km2 . The highest peak is Mount Aragatz (4,090 m above sea level) and the lowest is along the banks of Debed River (3 5 m). Relative altitude fluctuates from 1,500 to 3, 00 m. The average altitude of the territory is 1,850 m. Such broad altitudinal variation results in a great diversity of climate and landscape. Water resources in the country are quite limited. The largest lake is Lake Sevan which is a natural source of drinking water for the region. Rivers are small and shallow.
Armenia is characterized by a mountainous continental climate with a peculiarity for its dryness. Average highest annual temperature is 14 °C, and the lowest is -2. °C. The highest average temperature is observed in July – August in the Ararat valley and pre-mountain zone which is in the range of 24 – 26 °C; in mountain zones it is in the range of 15 – 20 °C; in high altitude regions it varies from 10 to 15 °C and even lower. Average lowest temperature in January fluctuates between -18.9 and -3.1 °C. The annual precipitation range is from 600 to 1,000 mm. High altitude zoning is demonstrably obvious. In winter long-lasting snow cover exists above 1,300 m (according to the National Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources in Armenia, 2008). orIeNTaL beech dIsTrIbuTIoN IN The rePubLIc oF armeNIa Generally, oriental beech natural occurrence is in Western Europe (Eastern Balkan Peninsula), Crimea, Caucasus, Asia Minor (North), Iran (North). Oriental beech is a common species and a third century typical relict. The scientist Tumajanov (19 1) has shown the Holocene expansion of that species from the Kakheti to the northern side of the Big Mountain Range (Georgia). It is possible that during this time a habitat transformation has taken Fig. 1: Stand of oriental beech showing large-trunks (A. Ghulijanyan, 2009) 2
Page 1 and 2: Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
Page 3 and 4: Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
Page 5: COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
Page 8 and 9: Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
Page 10 and 11: Genetic resources of beech in Europ
Page 13 and 14: The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
Page 15 and 16: • Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
Page 19 and 20: TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
Page 21 and 22: Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
Page 25 and 26: “Qaf Shtame” national park, in
Page 27: Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Page 33 and 34: The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Page 37 and 38: PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
Page 39 and 40: Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
Page 41 and 42: was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
Page 45 and 46: Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
Page 47 and 48: Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
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Page 53 and 54: eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
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Page 57 and 58: activities already during medieval
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Page 63 and 64: CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
Page 67 and 68: The health status of beech forests
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Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
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European beech is distributed almos
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According to the Report about fores
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The most important ex situ conserva
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eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
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Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
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ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
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Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
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eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
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5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
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Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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- Matured and over-aged groups acco
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Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
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curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
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• Elaborating and implementation
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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other forest species or grassland.
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Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
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the earnings for the forest owner f
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Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
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have had human assistance in this c
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elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
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Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
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with the intention that stands woul
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Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
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Recently the four British Regions o
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defoliation, and in severe cases, s
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Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
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curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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elevation where beech occurs is ext
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Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
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maIN beech dIseases aNd PesTs Europ
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In the field of forest genetic rese
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Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
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A recent inventory of all forest la
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Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
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In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
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Provenance studies revealed differe
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GeNeTIc resources aNd reProducTIve
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A very peculiarly feature of this b
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
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de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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Fig. 1: Natural distribution of Eur
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a long enough period for regenerati
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Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
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Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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coNservaTIoN aNd raTIoNaL uTILIZaTI
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eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
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centre of Poland. The highest value
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Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
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*** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
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and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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(Willd. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomitopsis
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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