Four Essays on University Economics - KOPS - Universität Konstanz

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3.1 Introduction Return of foreign students Governmental and non governmental institutions in industrial countries spend considerable amounts of money on educating foreign students (see e.g. Spilimbergo, 2007). Scholar- ship institutions which sponsor students from developing and transition countries often motivate their support with a commitment to foster development. Recent studies show positive effects of foreign education on growth (Kim, 1998), technological advancement (Park, 2004) and the promotion of democracy (Spilimbergo, 2007) in the students’ home countries. One major concern associated with the provision of scholarships is whether the foreign students really return to their home countries after graduation. We investigate the return decision of foreign students from developing and transition countries who studied in Germany and who received support from a scholarship institution using a discrete time duration analysis. Our analysis aims at identifying selection criteria and contractual arrangements that scholarship institutions can adopt in order to induce their scholars to return. Most previous studies of students’ migration behavior like Bratsberg (1995) employ aggregated data. These studies focus mainly on the impact of economic and political determinants on the return decision. Our analysis is based on individual level data from a German scholarship institution. Using this data we investigate whether the actual return decision is also affected by individual factors as survey studies on return intentions indicate. If individual factors have an impact, scholarship organizations can select their students according to these characteristics and can offer contractual arrangements that provide incentives to return. The impact of culture on migration decisions has been largely neglected in the economic literature. A further objective for providing scholarships to foreign students is the promotion of cultural exchange. However, cultural differences might jeopardize adjustment in the host country and strengthen the desire to return. We analyze whether students from countries with larger cultural differences to the host country have a higher propensity to return. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 3.2, we discuss results from the previous literature and derive hypotheses concerning the impact of individual and cultural factors on the return decision of foreign students. In Section 3.3, we briefly characterize the 49
Return of foreign students scholarship organization that provided us with the data and comment on the legal situation in Germany. The data set and our empirical strategy are described in Section 3.4. Subsequently, we present the results of our duration analyses and derive implications for scholarship institutions in Section 3.5. Section 3.6 gives a conclusion of the main results. 3.2 Determinants of the Return Decision When a foreign graduate decides whether to remain in the host country or to return to his or her home country he will be exposed to contradictory forces. He estimates costs and benefits of the alternatives – to stay, to return, or to migrate to a third country – and chooses the alternative which offers him the highest utility. 3.2.1 Economic and Political Determinants Previous studies which rely on aggregated data on changes in visa status find that the economic and political situation in the home and the host country have an impact on students’ return decisions. Economic Factors Potential return migrants compare employment conditions – in particular wages – and employment opportunities in the home and host country. 1 The propensity to stay is high if labor demand in the host country is high and labor market conditions are good (see Baruch et al., 2007; Güngör and Tansel, 2005 and 2007). Graduates who expect to find an appropriate job easily in the home country have a higher propensity to return. Furthermore, the desire to achieve higher standards of living is widely acknowledged to be a reason for migration. Differences in standards of living between industrial host countries and developing or transition home countries are often substantial. Graduates who spent some time in the host country get used to higher standards of living and may be reluctant to return. Bratsberg (1995) reports that students from wealthier home countries have a higher propensity to return. Trade between industrial countries and developing or transition countries entails substantial R&D spillover effects (Coe and Helpman, 1997; Kwark and Shyn, 2006). However, 1 see Sjaastad (1962), Nakosteen and Zimmer (1980), Massey et al. (1993) and Borjas (1994) 50
Page 1 and 2:
Four Essay
Page 3 and 4:
Contents 3.1 Introduction . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures 1.1 Total economic
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables 3.6 Summary: Signifi
Page 9 and 10: Summary average quality of research
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 How Did Economic Research
Page 13 and 14: Economic research in Switzerland fo
Page 15 and 16: Economic research in Switzerland pu
Page 17 and 18: Economic research in Switzerland Fi
Page 19 and 20: Economic research in Switzerland si
Page 21 and 22: 0,45 0,05 Economic research in Swit
Page 23 and 24: Economic research in Switzerland (2
Page 25 and 26: Wirtschaftspolitik 5 (3), 363 - 375
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 Introduction Research Productiv
Page 29 and 30: Research Productivity in Business E
Page 45 and 46: 2.7 Appendix Sample: university dat
Page 55: Chapter 3 How Can Scholarship Insti
Page 59 and 60: Connections in the Home Country Ret
Page 61 and 62: Return of foreign students tegrate
Page 63 and 64: to finance the first period of thei
Page 65 and 66: Return of foreign students Table 3.
Page 67 and 68: Return of foreign students return i
Page 69 and 70: children. Return of foreign student
Page 71 and 72: Return of foreign students A low pa
Page 73 and 74: Return of foreign students trading
Page 77 and 78: higher return rates might result. R
Page 79 and 80: 3.7 Appendix Return of foreign stud
Page 87 and 88: Bibliography Return of foreign stud
Page 89 and 90: Return of foreign students Park, J.
Page 91 and 92: 4.1 Einleitung Determinanten des be
Page 93 and 94: 4.3.1 Mögliche Einflussfaktoren De
Page 95 and 96: Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
Page 101 and 102: teraktionseffekt). Determinanten de
Page 105 and 106: Frauen gibt. Determinanten des beru
Page 107 and 108:
4.5.2 Einfluss des Einkommens auf d
Page 109 and 110:
Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
Page 111 and 112:
nimmt ihre Zufriedenheit mit ihren
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Literaturverzeichnis Determinanten
Page 119 and 120:
General Bibliography Arora, A., P.
Page 121 and 122:
General Bibliography Combes, P.-P.
Page 123 and 124:
General Bibliography Guimarães, P.
Page 125 and 126:
General Bibliography Martin, P. L.
Page 127 and 128:
General Bibliography Vieira, J. A.
Page 129 and 130:
Zusammenfassung sitäten sind jedoc
Page 131 and 132:
Zusammenfassung ligt, die ihr Studi
Page 133 and 134:
Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit,
show all

Four Essays on University Economics - KOPS - Universität Konstanz

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?