Four Essays on University Economics - KOPS - Universität Konstanz

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Return of foreign students Table 3.3: Descriptive statistics concerning the return date KAAD return date program total number known (share) censored (share) All 2436 1480 (60.76 %) 956 (39.24 %) Program 1 1276 681 (53.37 %) 595 (46.63 %) Program 2 278 84 (30.22 %) 194 (69.78 %) Program 3 882 715 (81.07 %) 167 (18.93 %) which correlate positively with the inclination to report the return, might, thus, have a spurious correlation with the dependent variable. 3.4.2 Explanatory Variables Individual Factors The data set contains the student’s date of birth, the dates of arrival in Germany and of the end of the study period. From this data we can calculate the time a student spent in Germany and the student’s age at the end of the study period. On average, students stayed for 44 months in Germany. The average age of graduates in our sample is 32 years. Both variables, time spent in Germany and age, depend linearly on time and are included in our regression as time varying covariates. Similar to Ham and Rea (1987), identification of the coefficients of time spent in Germany and age comes from variations in the parameter values at the end of the study period. Other personal characteristics which are included in the regressions are gender and the field of study. 43 % of the scholarship recipients are women. We created dummies for six different fields of study: agricultural sciences, technical sciences, medicine, EBP (economics, business and politics), law and German (German language or literature studies). For descriptive statistics concerning the fields of study see Table 3.8 in the Appendix. Even though we have information about the student’s family status we do not use family status variables in our regression. The family status might have changed over time but in our data there is no history of family status. Personal characteristics are recorded at one point in time and updated only if the student informs the KAAD about a change in his or her status. Therefore we do not know when the student did marry or when he had 61
children. Return of foreign students In the data set, it is also registered whether a student participated in a seminar which was offered by the KAAD and whether he or she visited home during the study period in Germany. We created dummies for these events. 53 % of the scholarship recipients participated in at least one seminar, 23 % visited their home country one or more times. The two dummies are potentially endogeneous. If students plan to return, they might have a higher inclination to visit home or to participate in a seminar in which help for return is offered. The definitive return decision, however, is made at the end of the study period or later and, therefore, after a participation in a seminar or a home visit. Cultural Proximity One way to control for culture is to include dummies for cultural regions. We, therefore, include dummies for Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. But also within cultural regions some countries might be culturally closer to Germany than others. We rely on matrices constructed by Eff (2004) to capture other aspects of cultural proximity. Following his consideration that “Language is the primary vehicle of inherited culture” (Eff 2004, p. 5) linguistic proximity is used as a proxy for cultural similarity of nations. The similarity measure is based on insights of linguists on the phylogenetic relationship between languages. With the help of graph theory, the distance between pairs of languages in a phylogenetic language graph can be calculated. The length of the longest path in a language family is used to standardize the similarity measure such that a pair of languages with a common ancestor is equally distant from that ancestor. The matrix for linguistic proximity is constructed such that the values lie between zero and one. A value of one indicates closest proximity. Languages from different language families have a similarity index of zero. The values of linguistic proximity between the countries in our sample and Germany are reported in Table 3.13 in the Appendix. Since cultural similarity might arise from common history we include a dummy which indicates whether home and host country were dominated by a particular colonial or imperial power within the last 300 years. In Table 3.14 in the Appendix all countries in our sample that have a common history with Germany are listed. We control for the impact of networks of compatriots by including the logarithm of the 62
Page 1 and 2:
Four Essay
Page 3 and 4:
Contents 3.1 Introduction . . . . .
Page 5 and 6:
List of Figures 1.1 Total economic
Page 7 and 8:
List of Tables 3.6 Summary: Signifi
Page 9 and 10:
Summary average quality of research
Page 11 and 12:
Chapter 1 How Did Economic Research
Page 13 and 14:
Economic research in Switzerland fo
Page 15 and 16:
Economic research in Switzerland pu
Page 17 and 18: Economic research in Switzerland Fi
Page 19 and 20: Economic research in Switzerland si
Page 21 and 22: 0,45 0,05 Economic research in Swit
Page 23 and 24: Economic research in Switzerland (2
Page 25 and 26: Wirtschaftspolitik 5 (3), 363 - 375
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 Introduction Research Productiv
Page 29 and 30: Research Productivity in Business E
Page 45 and 46: 2.7 Appendix Sample: university dat
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 3 How Can Scholarship Insti
Page 57 and 58: Return of foreign students scholars
Page 59 and 60: Connections in the Home Country Ret
Page 61 and 62: Return of foreign students tegrate
Page 63 and 64: to finance the first period of thei
Page 65 and 66: Return of foreign students Table 3.
Page 67: Return of foreign students return i
Page 71 and 72: Return of foreign students A low pa
Page 73 and 74: Return of foreign students trading
Page 77 and 78: higher return rates might result. R
Page 79 and 80: 3.7 Appendix Return of foreign stud
Page 87 and 88: Bibliography Return of foreign stud
Page 89 and 90: Return of foreign students Park, J.
Page 91 and 92: 4.1 Einleitung Determinanten des be
Page 93 and 94: 4.3.1 Mögliche Einflussfaktoren De
Page 95 and 96: Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
Page 101 and 102: teraktionseffekt). Determinanten de
Page 105 and 106: Frauen gibt. Determinanten des beru
Page 107 and 108: 4.5.2 Einfluss des Einkommens auf d
Page 111 and 112: nimmt ihre Zufriedenheit mit ihren
Page 117 and 118: Literaturverzeichnis Determinanten
Page 119 and 120:
General Bibliography Arora, A., P.
Page 121 and 122:
General Bibliography Combes, P.-P.
Page 123 and 124:
General Bibliography Guimarães, P.
Page 125 and 126:
General Bibliography Martin, P. L.
Page 127 and 128:
General Bibliography Vieira, J. A.
Page 129 and 130:
Zusammenfassung sitäten sind jedoc
Page 131 and 132:
Zusammenfassung ligt, die ihr Studi
Page 133 and 134:
Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit,
show all

Four Essays on University Economics - KOPS - Universität Konstanz

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?