Four Essays on University Economics - KOPS - Universität Konstanz

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Return of foreign students The effect of the duration of stay in the host country on the adjustment process might be decreasing because after a certain time abroad the adjustment process is accomplished. We test for a non-linear effect of time spent in the host country. According to Dustmann and Kirchkamp (2002) a person’s decision on the optimal migration duration is connected with the intended after-return activity. Foreign students might require some international experience, contacts in the host country or a certain amount of money to pursue their intended after-return activity and return as soon as these requirements are met. Scholarship institutions pursue different recruitment strategies. Some scholarship institutions select students from foreign students who already study in the host country. Others recruit their students when they are still in their home countries. Students who already spent some time in the host country are expected to be better adjusted than students who are invited from abroad. Hypothesis 2.2: Graduates who were recruited from abroad are more likely to return. Other Personal Factors Hypothesis 3.1: The return propensity differs according to fields of study. Employment opportunities in home and host country differ across fields of study. The migration of health care professionals from developing countries to industrial countries in which they find more attractive employment conditions has received some attention in the literature (see e.g. Clark et al., 2006). Also, law students can be expected to have a higher propensity to stay because there might arise problems of transferability of the degree earned in the host country because of differences in judicial systems. Graduates of agricultural sciences who come from home countries where the agricultural sector often plays a major role and offers better employment opportunities are likely to have a higher propensity to return. 2 Kim (1998) argues that fields like natural sciences and engineering are more internationally integrated and knowledge in these fields is more easily adaptable to the home country. Labor demand for students who study the host country’s language or literature might be limited in the host country. Graduates who spent some time in an industrial country might have difficulties to rein- 2 Mulinge and Mueller (1998) report that in developing countries like Kenya, in which agriculture is the leading economic sector, a considerable amount of resources is invested in this sector. 53
Return of foreign students tegrate when they are back home. Some scholarship institution offer seminars which are intended to address topics of development policy and provide assistance for reintegration. Hypothesis 3.2: Students who participated in a seminar in which assistance for reintegration is provided are more likely to return. 3.2.3 Impact of Cultural Factors Cultural factors give rise to connections to the home country. Students from countries with large cultural differences to the host country might feel alienated and have more difficulties adjusting. De Palo et al. (2006) report that migrants from countries with larger cultural differences socialize less in their host countries. Baruch et al. (2007) find mixed evidence concerning the role of culture on the migration decision. Hypothesis 4.1: Students from countries of a similar cultural background as the host country have a lower propensity to return. Another topic in the migration literature is the role of networks of compatriots (diasporas). If diaspora networks facilitate adjustment and provide connections in the host country, graduates from countries with a larger diaspora in the host country should be less likely to return. 3 In a diaspora, however, often home country customs and culture are cultivated. If this is the case, there might be less need for the graduate to integrate into the host country society and to develop social contacts with host country nationals. 4 Mar- tin (2003) argues that diasporas facilitate return because these diasporas provide a point of contact between potential returnees and home country governments or organizations which might be used for example to find adequate employment in the home country. Hypothesis 4.2: Students from countries with a larger diaspora in the host country have a higher propensity to return. 3.3 Framework of the Case Study Our empirical analysis is based on a data set of scholarship recipients of the Catholic Academic Exchange Service (Katholischer Akademischer Ausländer - Dienst, KAAD). In 3 see Vogler and Rotte (2000) and Dreher and Potvaara (2005) 4 Skeldon (1997) discusses some cultural aspects of diasporas. 54
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Four Essay
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Contents 3.1 Introduction . . . . .
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List of Figures 1.1 Total economic
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List of Tables 3.6 Summary: Signifi
Page 9 and 10: Summary average quality of research
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 How Did Economic Research
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Page 25 and 26: Wirtschaftspolitik 5 (3), 363 - 375
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Page 87 and 88: Bibliography Return of foreign stud
Page 89 and 90: Return of foreign students Park, J.
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Page 95 and 96: Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
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nimmt ihre Zufriedenheit mit ihren
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Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
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Determinanten des beruflichen Erfol
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Literaturverzeichnis Determinanten
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General Bibliography Arora, A., P.
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General Bibliography Combes, P.-P.
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General Bibliography Guimarães, P.
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General Bibliography Martin, P. L.
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General Bibliography Vieira, J. A.
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Zusammenfassung sitäten sind jedoc
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Zusammenfassung ligt, die ihr Studi
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Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit,
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