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100 MEDIA KIT ft) or more in height. The effect can be amplifi ed where a bay, harbor or lagoon funnels the wave as it moves inland. Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 30 meters (100 ft). Even a tsunami 3-6 meters high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and injuries. Tsunamis are a threat to life and property for all coastal residents living near the ocean. During the 1990s, over 4,000 people were killed by 10 tsunamis, including more than 1,000 lives lost in the 1992 Flores region, Indonesia, and 2,200 lives in the 1998 Aitape, Papua New Guinea tsunamis. Property damage was nearly one billion United States dollars. Although 80% of all tsunamis occur in the Pacifi c, they can also threaten coastlines of countries in other regions, including the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean region, and even the Atlantic Ocean. The most devastating tsunami occurred in December 2004, when a M9.0 earthquake off of northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia produced a destructive tsunami that attacked coasts throughout the Indian Ocean, killing 300,000 people, displacing more than one million people, and causing billions of dollars of property damage. Earthquakes and Tsunamis An earthquake can be caused by volcanic activity, but most are generated by movements along fault zones associated with the plate boundaries. Most strong earthquakes, representing 80% of the total energy released worldwide by earthquakes, occur in subduction zones where an oceanic plate slides under a continental plate or another younger oceanic plate. Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. To generate a tsunami, the fault where the earthquake occurs must be underneath or near the ocean, and cause vertical movement of the seafl oor (up to several meters) over a large area (up to a hundred thousand square kilometers). Shallow focus earthquakes (depth less 70 km or 42 mi) along subduction zones are responsible for most destructive tsunamis. The amount of vertical and horizontal motion of the sea fl oor, the area over which it occurs, the simultaneous occurrence of slumping of underwater sediments due to the shaking, and the effi ciency with which energy is transferred from the earth’s crust to the ocean water are all part of the tsunami generation mechanism.
chapter 3. useful information for the media The Facts • Tsunamis that strike coastal locations are almost always caused by earthquakes. The earthquake might occur far away or near where you live. While earthquakes occur in all ocean basins around the world, most do not generate tsunamis. • Some tsunamis can be very large. In coastal areas their height can be as high as 10 m or more (30 m in extreme cases), and they cause impacts like fl ash fl oods. Later waves are often full of debris. • All low lying coastal areas can be struck by tsunamis. • A tsunami consists of a series of waves with crests arriving every 10 to 60 minutes. Often the fi rst wave may not be the largest. The danger from a tsunami can last for several hours after the arrival of the fi rst wave. Tsunami waves typically do not curl and break, so do not try to surf a tsunami! • Tsunamis can move faster than a person can run. • Sometimes a tsunami initially causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the ocean fl oor. • The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons, along with boats and other debris, can be moved inland hundreds of meters by tsunami wave activity, and homes and buildings destroyed. All this material and water move with great force, and can kill or injure people. • Tsunamis can occur at any time, day or night. • Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams, from the ocean. • Tsunami can easily wrap around islands and be just as dangerous on coasts not facing the source of the tsunami. What You Should Do As dangerous as tsunamis are, they do not happen very often. You should not let this natural hazard diminish your enjoyment of the beach and ocean. But, if you think a tsunami may be coming, the ground shakes under your feet, the ocean recedes out to sea exposing the sea bottom, you hear the train-like roar of the tsunami, or you know that there is a warning, tell your relatives and friends, and MOVE QUICKLY INLAND AND TO HIGHER GROUND! 101
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MEDIA KIT COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER
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MEDIA KIT COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER
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preface 20 years of commitment to s
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i Preface iii Contents viii Acknowl
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contents 38 Community-based FLOOD P
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contents 133 CASE STUDY 2. Coping w
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introduction introduction Every now
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introduction of the Hyogo Framework
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KEY CONCEPTS ON DISASTER AND MEDIA
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chapter 1. introduction to disaster
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Aim of the CBDRM Approach chapter 1
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chapter 2. media and disaster risk
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Introduction Early Warning and Prep
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chapter 6. resources Other Ministri
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Dan Church Aid Mr. Alan D. Jensen c
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BAKORNAS PBP Dr. Indrawadi Tamin Vi
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Catholic Relief Services Jl. Wijaya
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chapter 6. resources INGOs / NGOs T
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Oxfam Solidarity (Belgium) Mr. Bong
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United Nations Development Programm
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Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
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chapter 6. resources Landslides - N
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