Sistem Pernafasan: Assessment, Patofisiologi, dan Terapi ...

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3. Mengapa flutikason menyebakan iritasi local pada tenggorokan, dan apa yang dapat dilakukan pasien untuk mencegah efek samping yang tidak diinginkan ini? 4. Mengapa kebanyakan medikasi asma sebaiknya diberikan lewat paru-paru dan bukan per oral? PERTANYAAN KRITIS Lihat Kasus pada susbab Pertanyaan Kritis Asma Akut. Jika Ibu RH datang ke Puskesmas yang hanya menyediakan tablet salbutamol dan deksametason untuk kontrol asma, (a) regimen obat apa yang dapat anda rekomendasikan untuk ibu RH? (b) informasi apa yang harus diberikan pada RH dan/atau keluarga yang merawat mengenai medikasi control asma? (c) Bagaimana anda memantau respon klinis setelah menggunanakan medikasi yang anda rekomendasikan? PUSTAKA 69. Mellon M et al.Comparable efficacy of administration with facemask or mouth piece of nebulized budesonide inhalation suspension for infants and young children with persistent asthma. Am J Crit Care Med 2000; 162(2Pt1):593. 70. Pedersen S. Aerosol treatment of bronchoconstriction in children with or without a tube spacer. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1328. 71. Croft RD. 2year old asthmatics can learn to operate a tube spacer by copying their mothers. Arch Dis Child 1989;64:742. 72. Sly MR et al. Delivery of albuterol aerosol by Aero Chamber to young children. Ann Allergy 1988;60:403. 73. Castro-Redriguez JA et al. Beta-agonists through metered dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2004;145:172. 74. Vanden Berg NJ et al. Salmeterol/fluticasonepro-pionate (50/100 microg) in combination in a Diskus inhaler (Seretide) is effective and safe in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000;30:97. 75. Pedersen S. Clinical safety of inhaled cortico-steroids for asthma in children. Drug Saf 2006;29:599. 76. Crompton GK et al. Comparison of Pulmicort MDI plus Nebuhaler and Pulmicort Turbuhaler in asthmatic patients with dysphonia. Respir Med 2000;94:448. 77. Kelly HW. Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:220. 86
78. Pauwels R et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1405. 79. Shapiro G et al. Combined salmeterol 50mcg and fluticasone propionate 250mcg in the Diskus device for the treatment of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:527. 80. Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:941. 81. Cumming RG et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. N Engl J Med 1997;337:8. 82. Garbe E et al. Inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids and the risks of ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. JAMA 1997;277:722. 83. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1054. 84. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1064. 85. Molen TVD et al. Starting with a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids in primary care asthma treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:121. 86. Suissa S et al. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:332. 87. Ambikaipakan S et al. Regular use of corticosteroids and low use of short-acting beta-2agonists can reduce asthma hospitalization. Chest 2005;127:1242. 88. Greening AP etal. Added salmeterol versus higher dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Lancet 1994;344:219. 89. Woolcock A et al. Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1481. 90. Bateman ED et al. Can guideline defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma Control Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:836. 91. Nelson HS et al. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest 2006;129:15. 92. Ernst P et al. Safety and effectiveness of long-acting inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators when taken with inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:692. 93. Halterman JS et al. Benefits of a school-based asthma treatment program in the absence of second-hand smoke exposure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:460. 94. Tomlinson JEM et al. Efficacy of low and high dose inhaled corticosteroid in smokers versus nonsmokers with mild asthma. Thorax 2005;60:282. 95. Adams RJ et al. Impact of inhaled anti-inflammatory therapy on hospitalizations and emergency department visits for children with asthma. Pediatrics 2001;107:706. 96. EvansDJetal.Acomparisonoflow-doseinhaledbudesonideplustheophyllineandhighdosein-haledbudesonideformoderateasthma.NEnglJMed1997;337:1412. 87
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BUKU AJAR PSF-FKUB UNIVERSITAS BRAW
Page 5 and 6:
KATA PENGANTAR Farmasis telah menga
Page 7 and 8:
PRAKATA Segala puji syukur penulis
Page 9 and 10:
Gagal nafas 62 Tanda dan gejala 62
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1.1 Tanda dan ge
Page 14 and 15:
awal menghitung tulang iga. Sudut i
Page 16 and 17:
onkus dan mengalirkan udara ke alve
Page 18 and 19:
Gambar 1.6 Otot-otot pernafasan. PE
Page 20 and 21:
Tanda dan gejala yang umum berkaita
Page 22 and 23:
Alergen yang paling umum ditemukan
Page 24 and 25:
lanjutan sebelum meningkat ke langk
Page 26 and 27:
Emfisema ditandai dengan pembesaran
Page 28 and 29:
stabil adalah terapi yang individua
Page 30 and 31:
Pneumonia Pneumonia adalah peradang
Page 32 and 33:
Batuk ANAMNESIS Berapa lama anda me
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HAL-HAL YANG ABNORMAL Mengi dapat d
Page 36 and 37:
HAL-HAL YANG ABNORMAL Penggunaan ot
Page 38 and 39:
Dalam kondisi normal, getaran sehar
Page 40 and 41:
- Dengarkan paling tidak satu prose
Page 42 and 43:
- Minta pasien untuk membisikkan sa
Page 44 and 45:
Gambar 1.12 Peak flow meters. Tabel
Page 46 and 47:
ANAMNESA Apakah aktivitas yang bias
Page 48 and 49: Batuk (Studi Kasus 1-3) Batuk adala
Page 50 and 51: MEROKOK SEBELUMNYA? Sebenarnya, say
Page 52 and 53: Auskultasi: bersih; tidak ada mengi
Page 54 and 55: Laju pernafasan: 20 respirasi per m
Page 56 and 57: nilai tersebut? Pertanyaan apakah y
Page 58 and 59: penyakit pernafasan (misal asma, PP
Page 60 and 61: PUSTAKA Finesilver C. Respiratory a
Page 62 and 63: dengan obstruksi bronchial akut? Ap
Page 64 and 65: pemeriksaan obyektif untuk mengetah
Page 66 and 67: Rute Pemberian yang Lebih Disukai 5
Page 68 and 69: erbicara dengan kalimat yang lengka
Page 70 and 71: mengeluh palpitasi dan gemetar. PEF
Page 72 and 73: dirawat inap, salah satu penulis pa
Page 74 and 75: HT masih mengalami obstruksi yang b
Page 76 and 77: Tidak. Pada pasien-pasien seperti H
Page 78 and 79: dan 2 inhalasi albuterol MDI 4 kali
Page 80 and 81: PUSTAKA 1. National Institutes of H
Page 82 and 83: 38. Altamimi S et al. Single-dose o
Page 84 and 85: Klasifikasi Keparahan BAB III ASMA
Page 86 and 87: Karena BC berusia 3 tahun, dia mung
Page 88 and 89: mulai menyebar terbawa angin, terap
Page 90 and 91: dosis tinggi masih harus diteliti k
Page 92 and 93: asma dengan latar belakang genetik
Page 94 and 95: Kromolin and Nedokromil 35. EG, seo
Page 96 and 97: Tabel 3.1 Pedoman Dosis Teofilin un
Page 100 and 101: 97. KellyHW.Theophyllinetoxicity.In
Page 102 and 103: Lampiran 1: CV Nama : Diana Lyrawat
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