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Strontium-82 Production at ARRONAX C. Alliot, A. Audouin, J. Barbet, A.C. Bonraisin, V. Bosse, C. Bourdeau, F. Haddad, J. Laize, M. Michel, M. Mokili GIP Arronax, 1 rue Arronax, 44817 Saint-Herblain cedex, France, O. Batrak, Y. Bortoli, G. Bouvet, J.M. Buhour, A. Cadiou, S. Fresneau, M. Guillamet, T. Milleto SUBATECH, EMN-IN2P3/CNRS-Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, La Chantrerie, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France There has been a strong increase of the use of rubidiulm-82 in the USA over the last years. As an analogue of potassium, rubidium-82 is used for PET cardiac imaging. It has been shown [1], that Rubidium-82 present better performances than Technicium-99m and Thallium-201 for overweight patients or women. Rubidium is made available through a generator system, the Strontium-82/Rubidium-82 generator. Strontium is produced using high energy accelerator in only few places in the world. Targets can be of two types: Rubidium chloride (RbCl) or Rubidium metal. The latter is offering higher production yield and better thermal conductivity with higher constraints in its handling. Rubidium as an alkaline can highly react with water and air. The aim of this paper is to present the work done at our facility, ARRONAX, to develop such production. ARRONAX, acronym for “Accelerator for Research in Radiochemistry and Oncology at Nantes Atlantique,” is a high energy (70 MeV) and high intensity (2*375 A) multi-particle cyclotron located in Nantes (France). Two proton beams can be extracted at the same time (dual beam mode) and experimental vaults are equipped with irradiation stations connected to hot cells via a pneumatic transport system. For strontium production, we have developed a new targettry system which allows irradiating several pressed pellets of RbCl (dual target mode). We have also set three hot cells to perform the extraction and purification process. Laboratories are present on site to perform radioactive assays (germanium detectors and liquid scintillation) and non radioactive assays (ICP-AES). Several production runs have been made since 2011 using dual target mode and dual beam modes (up to 2*100 A on target) to qualify the production. Routine productions have started in June 2012. The produced strontium-82 is fully in accordance to the FDA specifications for the radionuclidic purity, the specific activity, the activity concentration: as well as the non radioactives species. Developments are being made to improve the production yield by moving from RbCl target to Rb metal target. This is being done in collaboration with INR Troitsk (Russia). Another development is connected to the production of Ge-68 which can be done simultaneously by using the 40 MeV coming out of the target. The cyclotron ARRONAX is supported by the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire, local authorities, the French government and the European Union Corresponding author: F. Haddad [1] Le Guludec D. et al, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35: 1709-24 HB 7 5:30 PM Electrodeplating of Gallium 69 for the Production of Gallium 68 for the Nuclear Medicine at ARRONAX Thomas Sounalet, Floriane Milon, Marcel Mokili, Nathalie Michel, Haddad Ferid SUBATECH / GIP Arronax, EMN-IN2P3/CNRS-Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, La Chantrerie, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France. Gilles Montavon SUBATECH, EMN-IN2P3/CNRS-Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, La Chantrerie, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France. 112
One of the ARRONAX’s objectives is to produce innovative radioisotopes for research in nuclear medicine. The main applications are the diagnostic imaging (Positron Emission Tomography) and therapeutic (radiotherapy) in oncology. Another application is medical imaging PET in cardiology. For that purposes, a particular focus is done on the production of the following radioisotopes: the Sr 82, At 211, Cu 67, Sc 47 and Ga 68. The aim of this work is to study and produce targets for the production of germanium 68. Germanium 68, mother of gallium 68, will be used to make generators of gallium 68. The manufacturing of targets should be in accordance with quality criteria. The thickness of the deposit must be uniform to ±5% over the entire surface and must adhere perfectly to the substrate. Its composition must be accurately known [1]. The production of Ga68 is in most case made using 69 Ga + p → 68 Ge + 2n. It is obtained from natural gallium or enriched gallium 69. Gallium has a low melting temperature at 29.7 C [2-4]. During irradiation, it is in liquid form. This highly corrosive liquid [2,3] is usually encapsulated. However, he attacked the container whatever materials used sometimes resulting in breaks. To circumvent this problem, a gallium based alloy can be used whose melting temperature is higher. These alloys are produced by electroplating. The search for the metal alloyed with gallium is made by studying the phase diagrams of gallium based alloys. They provide information about existing phases and corresponding melting temperatures. The electrochemical potentials standards are also taken into account: the ideal is that the potentials of the two metals are close in order to be simultaneously deposited [5]. One of the chosen metal could be nickel. According to the phase diagram (Ni/Ga), the maximum atomic proportion of gallium for an homogeneous compound with a melting temperature above 500 C, is between 60% and 80% gallium. The three possibly phases are Ga4Ni, Ga3Ni2 and Ga4Ni3. However, the electrochemical standard potentials of gallium (-0.52 V/ENH) and nickel (-0.25 V/ENH) are quite distant. So, nickel reduction is promoted. It is possible to minimize its amount in the deposit by varying the nickel concentration [6]. The concentrations of nickel and gallium will have to be maintained at a certain level to succeed in reaching enough thicknesses. The chosen support, which is the work electrode, is made of gold because it provides a good deposit quality and has a good thermal conductivity. But the chemical separations risks to be complicated with the presence the big abundances of 3 metals: gallium, nickel and gold. To avoid this complication, tests were also made with a nickel support giving good results. A series of experiments have been conducted with different nickel and gallium ratio varying the speed stirring (from 300 rpm to 1300 rpm), the addition of chloride ions (0.1 M to 1 M), the voltage and the duration. On both type, the optimized parameters are -1.6 V, 1300 rpm with concentrations of 0.2 M of Ga2(SO4)3 and 0.2 M of NiCl2. The phase obtained has been characterized by DRX, ICP-AES and SEM. It corresponds to a homogeneous phase of Ga4Ni3. For the duration of 2 hours, the thickness reached is 45 µm . Our objectives are now to reach for this phase the thickness between 230 µm and 280 µm which corresponds to the minimal value necessary to implement germanium production on ARRONAX. This production will be made together with the Strontium 82 production, using the 40 MeV coming out of the Rubidium target. [1] IAEA, technical reports series no 465, p 135 [2] a new production method for germanium 68, N.R. Stevenson, M. Cackette and T.J Ruth, The Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labelled Compounds, Strasbourg, France, June 20-24 [3] a new preparation of germanium 68, C. Loch’H, B. Maziere, D. Comar and Knipper, Int. J. Appl, isto. Vol. 33. pp. 267 to 270, 1982 [4] preparation of Ge68/Ga68 generator with a binary Ga/Ag electrodepositions as solid target, Wu-Long Cheng, Yun Jao, Chung-Shin Lee, Ai-Ren Lo, Journal of radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 245, No. 1 (2000) 25-30 [5] E. Chassaing, technique de l’ingénieur, alliages électrodéposés, [M 1620] (2006) [6] H. F. Ayedi et M. Depetris-Wery, technique de l’ingénieur, Electrodéposition de zincs alliés, [M 1602] (2012) HB 8 5:45 PM Th-232 (d, 4n) Pa-230 Cross-Section Measurements at ARRONAX Facility 113
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ND2013 2013 International Nuclear D
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Session BF Evaluated Nuclear Data L
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Session DD Nuclear Structure and De
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Hale, G. n+ 12 C Cross Sections fro
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Session KC Evaluated Nuclear Data L
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19 Abridged Agenda Sunday March 4,
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Book of Abstracts Session AA ND2013
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multi-foil Parallel Plate Avalanche
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A Regional Coupled-channel Dispersi
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show the versatility of the code in
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[h] Table 1: Comparison of all the
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step was to determine which detecto
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In an effort to maintain the qualit
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Advances in Reactor Physics Linking
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sponsored the work presented in thi
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A revolutionary nuclear data system
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done in Ref. [1]. We demonstrate th
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CD 4 2:40 PM Development of a Syste
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with a central cavity where small s
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detectors at the newly constructed
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for 89 fission products (representi
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Impact of the Energy Dependent DDXS
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system without isotope separation.
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Results of the first complete compi
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Arjan Koning and Dimitri Rochman Nu
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calculating their mathematical mome
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enchmarking, the excitation functio
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as well as for a variety of Minor A
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the trends in the experimental data
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Statistical description of the gamm
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fragments formed are highly neutron
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each nucleus in agreement with unce
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atios) is performed. In relation to
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school in science or engineering. I
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programs demanding only one compuls
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gamma-ray spectra will be theoretic
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RA 3 11:20 AM A Microscopic Theory
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Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Novem
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Session RD Safeguards and Security
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Seeking Reproducibility in Fast Cri
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that a lot of them generally descri
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R. Hirschi, A. Hungerford, G. Magko
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- a density of levels too low for w
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the MONTEBURNS(1.0)-MCNP5-ORIGEN(2.
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The Nuclear Science References (NSR
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and applications using statistical
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Shielding objects are assembled fro
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The knowledge of neutron-induced re
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thus for the second time after the
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the global children health and cons
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Lawrence Livermore National Laborat
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The Russian Nuclear Data Library fo
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OECD Nuclear Energy Agency consider
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For experimental determination of t
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The European Activation SYstem has
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Neutron capture measurements of dys
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[1] H. Penttilä, P. Karvonen, T. E
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Measurement of Activation Cross Sec
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law of the temperature ratio (RT =
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Study of Various Potentials in Heav
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experimental data and for the produ
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fuel cycle impose tight requirement
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they do not satisfy (for example, b
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Differential Cross Sections for the
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extends the previous evaluation and
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various benchmark tests. The mainly
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PR 104 Evaluations for n+ 54,56,57,
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PR 109 Recent LAQGSM Developments a
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Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4
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PR 120 Coupled-Channel Models of Di
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physicist. - There is no perfect se
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Manturov, M.N. Nikolaev, A.M. Tsibo
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Author Index 1, Vojtěch Rypar, PR
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HF 5, KD 4, LA 3, LA 6, LA 7, LA 8,
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Dunn, M. E., BF 4, RC 3 Dupont, Emm
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Gulliford, Jim, CE 1 Gunsing, Frank
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Kahl, David, HD 7 Kahler, A. C., CA
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Lehaut, G., PD 6 Leinweber, Greg, L
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Munkhsaikhan, J., HC 7 Mura, Luis F
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Prael, Richard E., PE 5 Praena, Jav
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Sheets, S., CF 2 Shen, Qingbiao, PC
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Typel, S., JA 3 Tyutyunnikov, S., L
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