Aerial Archaeology in Ireland - The Heritage Council

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CONTENTS Foreword 10 Preface 11 Acknowledgements 12 Summary and Recommendations 13 1 Background 21 1.1 What is Aerial Archaeology and How is it Used? 21 1.2 A brief history of aerial archaeology in Ireland 22 2 Principal Sources of Air Photography in Ireland 26 2.1 Guides to Air Photographic Collections 26 2.2 Public Archival Material 26 2.3 World War II aerial photography 32 2.4 Collections held by Universities and other Research Institutions 33 2.5 Private Collections 36 2.6 Commercial Collections 38 3 Methodological Issues in Capturing and Handling Aerial Imaging Data 41 3.1 Aerial Imagery: Using the Spectrum 41 3.2 Aerial Platforms 42 3.3 Conventional Photography: Geographical Limitations and Potential 45 3.4 Conventional Photography: Different Scales and Approaches 50 3.5 Lidar 54 3.6 Satellite and Airborne Colour Infrared Imagery 57 3.7 Other Remote Sensing Techniques 59 3.8 Digitisation, Image Processing, Mapping, Classification, and GIS 60
3.9 Integration with other Types of Archaeological Survey 64 3.10 Current practicalities of data handling 65 4 Roles in Research, Conservation and Educational Access 67 4.1 Understanding the Archaeological Resource 67 4.2 Roles in supporting archaeological research 76 4.3 Reconnaissance and assessment of areas earmarked for development 85 4.4 Rural development and land use change 90 4.5 Potential for inter-disciplinary integration 97 4.6 Access and publications 98 4.7 Public Exhibitions and Outreach 99 5 Quality, Resources and Organisation of Aerial Archaeology 102 5.1 Quality of Outcomes 102 5.2 Cost-effectiveness, resources and co-ordination 103 5.3 Resources available for aerial archaeology in Ireland 105 5.4 Organisational context and support needed to sustain roles 105 6 Teaching and Training 108 6.1 Coverage of aerial archaeology in university teaching 108 6.2 Other provision for training and mentoring 110 Appendix 1: Bibliography 111 Appendix 2: Individuals consulted and Responses Received 119
Page 1 and 2: A I R A N D E A R T H A E R I A L A
Page 3: © An Chomhairle Oidhreachta / The
Page 7 and 8: Figure 14: The Discovery Programme
Page 9 and 10: Figure 39: This vertical photograph
Page 11 and 12: 10 Foreword One of the initiatives
Page 13 and 14: 12 Acknowledgements It would not ha
Page 15 and 16: 14 Key Priorities for Aerial Archae
Page 17 and 18: 16 • A practical handbook in arch
Page 19 and 20: 18 • A series of pilot studies co
Page 21 and 22: 20 5. Any new strategy for reconnai
Page 23 and 24: 22 As a means of discovering archae
Page 25 and 26: 24 Drawing on the work of O.G.S. Cr
Page 27 and 28: 26 2 PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF AIR PHOTO
Page 29 and 30: 28 National Museum of Ireland While
Page 31 and 32: 30 Other material held by the GSI i
Page 33 and 34: 32 Figure 9: An infrared vertical i
Page 35 and 36: 34 The aims and objectives of these
Page 37 and 38: 36 2.5 Private Collections Dr Daphn
Page 39 and 40: 38 2.6 Commercial Collections Two w
Page 41 and 42: 40 Figure 18: Google Earth satellit
Page 43 and 44: 42 3.2 Aerial Platforms The equipme
Page 45 and 46: 44 Figures 20 a-b: The use of ballo
Page 47 and 48: 46 Figure 23: The true form of the
Page 49 and 50: 48 Figure 25: The cumulative impact
Page 51 and 52: 50 3.4 Conventional Photography: Di
Page 53 and 54: 52 Vertical versus Oblique Photogra
Page 55 and 56:
54 Metrical Survey As Doody observe
Page 57 and 58:
56 shoreline and topography (ground
Page 59 and 60:
58 The fieldwork showed that the ge
Page 61 and 62:
60 Sonar Bathymetry Although there
Page 63 and 64:
62 Both Kelleher (1995) and Redfern
Page 65 and 66:
64 Interpreting Chronology and Sequ
Page 67 and 68:
66 While the Archaeological Survey
Page 69 and 70:
68 County No. Ringforts No. identif
Page 71 and 72:
70 Figure 36: Newly identified crop
Page 73 and 74:
72 Figures 38 a-b: Contrasts in urb
Page 75 and 76:
74 Roles and potential for historic
Page 77 and 78:
76 4.2 Roles in Supporting Archaeol
Page 79 and 80:
78 Figures 41 a-b: Gillian Barrett
Page 81 and 82:
80 The Archaeology of Lakes, Coast
Page 83 and 84:
82 Whole Landscape Approaches Perha
Page 85 and 86:
84 Figure 45: Drumlin landscape nea
Page 87 and 88:
86 Roads The National Roads Authori
Page 89 and 90:
88 Pipelines The general principles
Page 91 and 92:
90 General Development Where there
Page 93 and 94:
92 ‘…numerous sites in pasture
Page 95 and 96:
94 • • Earthen monuments are co
Page 97 and 98:
96 Designed Landscapes and Conserva
Page 99 and 100:
98 showing the clear benefits of in
Page 101 and 102:
100 Figure 55: Aerial photograph of
Page 103 and 104:
102 5 QUALITY, RESOURCES AND ORGANI
Page 105 and 106:
104 Estimates of costs per site or
Page 107 and 108:
106 ago in England, may have meant
Page 109 and 110:
108 6 TEACHING AND TRAINING 6.1 Cov
Page 111 and 112:
110 6.2 Other Provisions for Traini
Page 113 and 114:
112 Benson, D and Miles, D 1974. Th
Page 115 and 116:
114 Doody, M G, 1995. ‘Ballyhoura
Page 117 and 118:
116 Twohig and M. Ronayne (eds) Pas
Page 119 and 120:
118 Raftery, J, 1951. Prehistoric I
Page 121 and 122:
120 Colin Shell Cambridge Universit
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