Aerial Archaeology in Ireland - The Heritage Council

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: This oblique aerial view conveys a sense of the domination of the landscape of this Anglo-Norman motte and bailey at Shanid, Co. Limerick, on a high natural hillock. An earlier ringfort can also be seen on the summit (Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) 21 Figure 2: An early 19th-century artillery fort in Reenavanny, Whiddy Island, Co. Cork (Markus Casey) 22 Figure 3: An IrishArmy Air Corps view of Tara, Co. Meath, from 1924 (Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland/ Government Stationery Office) 23 Figure 4: Kells, Co. Meath, showing the curving street pattern indicative of the town’s early medieval monastic origins (Leo Swan Archive) 25 Figure 5: Rathcoran hillfort enclosing the summit of Baltinglass Hill, Co. Wicklow. The scale of the hillfort ramparts are appreciated from an aerial perspective (Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) 27 Figure 6: Concentric enclosure at Corracreigh, Co. Roscommon (M. Moore/Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) 27 Figure 7: Geological Survey of Ireland 1:30,000 vertical photograph of the Boyne Valley showing megalithic tombs of Newgrange, Dowth and associated monuments (5 April 1973, Geological Survey of Ireland/Ordnance Survey Ireland) 29 Figure 8: Air Corps vertical photograph of Newgrange, Co. Meath, taken during low angled sunlight on 20 December 1972 (Government Stationery Office) 30 Figure 9: An infrared vertical image of an enclosure on the coastline at Ballymadder, Co. Wexford (Marine Institute, National Coastline survey) 32 Figure 10: Oblique photograph of Ardskull Grave Yard, near Athy, Co. Kidare, showing traces of three cropmark enclosures around the central upstanding enclosure (CUCAP 9 July 1969) 33 Figure 11: Oblique photograph of Trim, Co. Meath, showing the topographical positions of the Abbey (left), Castle (centre) and cathedral (right) in relation to the town which grew up at a strategic crossing point of the River Boyne (CUCAP 9 July 1969) 33 Figure12: Oblique photograph showing traces of rundale farming at Fawnglass, Clare Island, Mayo (CUCAP 18 July 1967) 34 Figure 13: Excavations in progress at the later prehistoric hillfort of Dún Ailinne, Knockaulin townland, Co. Kildare, in 1969 (CUCAP 9 July 1969) 34
Figure 14: The Discovery Programme’s Medieval Rural Settlement Project is investigating the O’Conor lordship in north Roscommon. Data is being investigated using GIS and a photogrammetric aerial survey as a base data set. At Carns, Roscommon, relict early medieval and medieval field boundaries and settlements (AD 600 – 1600) are shown superimposed on a 1:7500 aerial photograph (Discovery Programme/BKS Ltd) 35 Figure 15: In the bright low December sun the outline of the enclosing bank of the early medieval ecclesiastical site at Tullylease, Co. Cork, is revealed. This enclosure is very difficult to detect at ground level (Dr Daphne Pochin Mould, 19 December 1992) 36 Figure 16: Traces of enclosures and field boundaries visible as cropmarks within a ripening cereal crop at Ardfinan, Co. Tipperary (Gillian Barrett collection) 37 Figure 17: Low earthworks and a mound interpreted as a motte are visible in winter light adjacent to Fethard Castle, Co. Wexford (Billy Colfer collection) 37 Figure 18: Google Earth satellite image of a post-medieval farming settlement at Carrignagower, Co. Wicklow 40 Figure 19: Two stone built enclosures at Carrig Aille, Co. Limerick, part of the Lough Gur complex. From this high-quality, low-level aerial imagery, the form of the monuments and their prominent position on a rock promontory are clear and it is also possible to see that the monuments are in generally good stable condition in appropriate land use, with no serious problems of rutting, poaching, erosion or scrub encroachment (Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) 42 Figures 20 a-b: The use of balloons for low-level aerial photography (Discovery Programme Medieval Rural Settlement Project) 44 Figure 21: Vertical photograph of a souterrain at Roestown, Co. Meath, on the route of the M3 motorway. This was taken using a remote controlled Nikon D2X camera on a Jeep mounted telescopic mast at a height of approximately 23m (Hawkeye Photography for Meath County Council/National Roads Authority and Archaeological Consultancy Services, 27 October 2006) 44 Figure 22: Improved and unimproved fields at Brideswell, Roscommon (Gillian Barrett, May 1991) 45 Figure 23: The true form of the large trivallate barrow at Fenniscourt, Co. Carlow, was revealed by air photography which captured the cropmark evidence of three ditches surrounding the upstanding tumulus (CUCAP 16 July 1971) 46 Figure 24: Low-level oblique photography of a ringfort near Newgrange. Note how differential melting of the frost and the shadows cast by the varying height of the adjacent hedge help to highlight the slight earthworks and modern plough furrows picked out by the low winter sunlight (Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) 47 Figure 25: The cumulative impact of aerial discovery between 1971 and 1991 has changed our understanding of the archaeological resource at Dunmanoge, Co. Kildare (after Barrett 1997) 48
Page 1 and 2: A I R A N D E A R T H A E R I A L A
Page 3 and 4: © An Chomhairle Oidhreachta / The
Page 5: 3.9 Integration with other Types of
Page 9 and 10: Figure 39: This vertical photograph
Page 11 and 12: 10 Foreword One of the initiatives
Page 13 and 14: 12 Acknowledgements It would not ha
Page 15 and 16: 14 Key Priorities for Aerial Archae
Page 17 and 18: 16 • A practical handbook in arch
Page 19 and 20: 18 • A series of pilot studies co
Page 21 and 22: 20 5. Any new strategy for reconnai
Page 23 and 24: 22 As a means of discovering archae
Page 25 and 26: 24 Drawing on the work of O.G.S. Cr
Page 27 and 28: 26 2 PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF AIR PHOTO
Page 29 and 30: 28 National Museum of Ireland While
Page 31 and 32: 30 Other material held by the GSI i
Page 33 and 34: 32 Figure 9: An infrared vertical i
Page 35 and 36: 34 The aims and objectives of these
Page 37 and 38: 36 2.5 Private Collections Dr Daphn
Page 39 and 40: 38 2.6 Commercial Collections Two w
Page 41 and 42: 40 Figure 18: Google Earth satellit
Page 43 and 44: 42 3.2 Aerial Platforms The equipme
Page 45 and 46: 44 Figures 20 a-b: The use of ballo
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Page 49 and 50: 48 Figure 25: The cumulative impact
Page 51 and 52: 50 3.4 Conventional Photography: Di
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56 shoreline and topography (ground
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58 The fieldwork showed that the ge
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60 Sonar Bathymetry Although there
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62 Both Kelleher (1995) and Redfern
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64 Interpreting Chronology and Sequ
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66 While the Archaeological Survey
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68 County No. Ringforts No. identif
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70 Figure 36: Newly identified crop
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72 Figures 38 a-b: Contrasts in urb
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74 Roles and potential for historic
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76 4.2 Roles in Supporting Archaeol
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78 Figures 41 a-b: Gillian Barrett
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80 The Archaeology of Lakes, Coast
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82 Whole Landscape Approaches Perha
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84 Figure 45: Drumlin landscape nea
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86 Roads The National Roads Authori
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88 Pipelines The general principles
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90 General Development Where there
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92 ‘…numerous sites in pasture
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94 • • Earthen monuments are co
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96 Designed Landscapes and Conserva
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98 showing the clear benefits of in
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100 Figure 55: Aerial photograph of
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102 5 QUALITY, RESOURCES AND ORGANI
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104 Estimates of costs per site or
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106 ago in England, may have meant
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108 6 TEACHING AND TRAINING 6.1 Cov
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110 6.2 Other Provisions for Traini
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112 Benson, D and Miles, D 1974. Th
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114 Doody, M G, 1995. ‘Ballyhoura
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116 Twohig and M. Ronayne (eds) Pas
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118 Raftery, J, 1951. Prehistoric I
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120 Colin Shell Cambridge Universit
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Aerial Archaeology in Ireland - The Heritage Council

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