International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis - E-Lib FK UWKS

258 INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS
Beecher, 1954). Evans 1984, 1985) showed that the relative effectiveness of placebo
compared to a standard dose of morphine is about 56% in double blind studies. The
placebo is also from 50 to 60% as effective as aspirin, Codeine and Darvon, as well as
for non-pain treatments, including the pharmacological and behavioral treatment of
insomnia and the double blind use of lithium in psychiatric patients. This implies that
the non-speci®c factors arising from the treatment milieuare important clinical
variables, presumably operating because the therapist communicates his enthusiasm and
expectations of success to the suffering patient.
2. Acupuncture and hypnosis involve different mechanisms. Studies have shown that the
opiate antagonist, Naloxone, reverses the pain alleviation of acupuncture and other painreducing
strategies, but does not affect the pain reduction produced by hypnosis Goldstein
& Hilgard, 1975; Spiegel & Albert, 1983; Evans & McGlashan, 1987).
3. Drug withdrawal, if necessary, will be handled slowly in the early sessions.
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