Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2002 - Hoang Lien ...

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3 2 1 4 1. Indochinese Silvered langur; ad. female. T. Nadler 2. Hatinh langur; infant female, four weeks old. T . Nadler 3. Grey langur; ad. male. T. Nadler 4. Red-shanked douc langur; ad. male. T. Nadler
2. Leaf Monkeys 2.1 An introduction to the leaf monkeys 2 LEAF MONKEYS The order <strong>Primate</strong>s includes about 350 species and around 630 taxa (monotypic species and subspecies). Two suborders are recognized: the Strepsirhini (lower primates) with 8 families and the Haplorhini (higher primates) with 7 families. The higher primates are distributed with four families in the Neotropics (Cebidae, Nyctipithecidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae), with two families in Asia (Tarsiidae and Hylobatidae), two families in Africa and Asia (Cercopithecidae and Hominidae), and the Humans - also belong to the Hominidae - globally. The Neotropic families are grouped in the Infraorder Platyrrhini (New World primates), whereas the Old World families grouped in the Infraorder Catarrhini. Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) include two extant subfamilies: Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. Cercopithecinae, often referred to as the cheek-pouched monkeys, include the macaques, baboons, drills, mangabeys, and guenons. Colobinae are often referred to as leaf monkeys because of their predominantly specialized folivorous diet. In fact, many of the anatomical features distinctive to the Colobinae are related to their folivorous adaptation. While all cercopithecoids eat a variety of foods, colobines are adapted to digest cellulose and denature toxins in leafy materials, though several species are not predominantly folivorous. This adaptation has implications for the design of the digestive system as well as for ecology and foraging behaviour. Leaf-monkeys possess a highly specialised stomach allowing the fermentation of the cellulose, which constitutes the main part of plant material (Oates & Davies, 1994). The stomach of the Colobinae, is multi-compartmented and consists of a forestomach or saccus, the tubus gastricus and the pars pylora. The phenomenon of fermentation occurs in the forestomach. This part is enlarged and multilobed and possesses a high quantity of micro-organisms (namely bacteria but sometimes fungi) able to produce the enzymes that break-down cellulose. The forestomach also provides an environment of lower acidity than the toxic environment of the stomach. Some research has found a pH of only 5.5 to 7 in the saccus compared to a pH of 3 in the tubus gastricus (Chivers, 1994). An enlarged liver in most colobines processes the toxins, which many trees proceduce to protect mature leaves against predation. Other characteristics of the Colobinae can also be related to their diet. Molar cusps of the leaf-monkeys, in contrast to those of the Cercopithecinae, are high, and pointed, and have long shear crests and are thus better adapted to finely mince leaves for digestion and the salvary glands are enlarged to support the digestion (Oates & Davies, 1994). Additionally, colobines lack cheek pouches, which are used to keep food for a short time. A summary of morphological features differentiating the Colobinae and the Cercopithecinae are listed in table 2.1-1 (Napier & Napier, 1985; Oates & Davies, 1994). The Colobinae subfamily is represented by two major evolutionary radiations (Oates et al., 1996; Novak 1999; Groves 2001) one in Africa and the other in Asia. Genetic studies support this classification (Forstner et al., 1997; Zhang & Ryder, 1998). The African colobines, commonly called colobus monkeys are comprised of two (Colobus, Procolobus Oates, 1996) or three (Colobus, Procolobus, Piliocolobus Groves, 2001) genera. The Asian colobines commonly referred to as langurs are comprised of seven genera (Semnopithecus, Trachypithecus, Presbytis, Pygathrix, Rhinopithecus, Nasalis and Simias) with about 35 to 43 species and 90 to 93 taxa (Eudey, 1997; Groves, 2001). 17
Page 1: Tilo Nadler - Frank Momberg - Nguye
Page 4 and 5: THE DESIGNATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ENT
Page 6 and 7: iv 3.4 Delacour’s langur (Trachyp
Page 8 and 9: vi Acknowledgement Fauna & Flora In
Page 10 and 11: viii Abbreviations Key to abbreviat
Page 12 and 13: Red-shanked douc langurs; group of
Page 14 and 15: Vietnam Primate Conservation Status
Page 27 and 28: 3. Langurs
Page 29 and 30: 3. Langurs 3.0 An introduction to t
Page 31 and 32: The basic social organisation for t
Page 33 and 34: 3.1 Francois’ langur
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Francois’ langur Trachypithec
Page 37 and 38: DISTRIBUTION OF FRANCOIS' LANGUR (T
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 41 and 42: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 43 and 44: Discussed records Quang Ninh Provin
Page 45: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 48 and 49: 2 3 6 1 4 5 1. Hatinh langur; ad. m
Page 58 and 59: 1 2 3 4 1. Cat Ba langur; ad. femal
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Vietnam Primate Conservation Status
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3.4. Delacour’s langur
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3.4 Delacour’s langur Trachypithe
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3.4 DELACOUR’S LANGUR - Trachypit
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3.4.4 Delacour’s langur records 3
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Locations where Delacour’s langur
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3.4.5 Status 3.4 DELACOUR’S LANGU
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3.4.6 Recommendations for conservat
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3.5. Grey langur
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3.5 Grey langur Trachypithecus crep
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Distribution in China 3.5 GREY LANG
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3.5 GREY LANGUR - Trachypithecus cr
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3.5 GREY LANGUR - Trachypithecus cr
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Vu Quang National Park (HA TINH) Sp
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Ha Tay Province 20 O 34’-21 O 17
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3.6. Indochinese Silvered langur
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3.6 Indochinese Silvered langur Tra
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3.6 INDOCHINESE SILVERED LANGUR - T
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4.0. Douc langurs
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4. Douc langurs 4.0 An introduction
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4 DOUC LANGURS Groups are character
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4.1.2 Black-shanked douc langur Pyg
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4 DOUC LANGURS DISTRIBUTION OF RED-
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4 DOUC LANGURS DISTRIBUTION OF BLAC
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4 DOUC LANGURS One infant skull (IE
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4 DOUC LANGURS Bach Ma National Par
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4 DOUC LANGURS My Town and Ro Villa
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4 DOUC LANGURS very poor secondary
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A Yun Pa Nature Reserve (GIA LAI) S
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Krong No District (DAK LAK) Special
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4 DOUC LANGURS The Ra Glai minority
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Dinh Quan District (DONG NAI) Speci
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4 DOUC LANGURS Obviously there are
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4 DOUC LANGURS ✱ The establishmen
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2 3 1 1. Tonkin snub-nosed monkey;
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DISTRIBUTION OF TONKIN SNUB-NOSED M
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5 2 3 1 4 6 1. Hunters with living
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7.0. Conservation Policy
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7. Conservation policy 7.1 Hunting
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The aims of an ex-situ programme sh
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7 CONSERVATION POLICY Table 7.4-1 R
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8. References 8 REFERENCES Adler, H
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8 REFERENCES Boonratana, R., and Le
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8 REFERENCES Dao Van Tien. 1970. Su
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8 REFERENCES Fooden, J. 1976a. Prov
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8 REFERENCES Hill, W. C. O. 1934. A
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8 REFERENCES Le Khac Quyet and Trin
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8 REFERENCES Lippold, L. K. 1995a.
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Monestrol, H. (ed.). 1952. Chasses
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8 REFERENCES Ngo Van Tri. 1999b. Th
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8 REFERENCES Pham Nhat, Nguyen Xuan
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8 REFERENCES Simonetta, A. 1957. Ca
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8 REFERENCES Vermeulen, J. and Whit
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Appendix 1 Leaf monkey species in t
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Appendix 2 Selected areas of high v
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8 APPENDIX: 2 the surrounding area
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8 APPENDIX: 2 Forests in the southe
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Ke Go Nature Reserve (HA TINH) Spec
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8 APPENDIX: 2 was decreed with a to
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8 APPENDIX: 2 Elevation: reaching 1
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8 APPENDIX: 2 regeneration of everg
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Appendix 3 IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES
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EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct whe
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B Extent of occurrence estimated to
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D Population estimated to number le
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The Primate Conservation Status Rev
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