Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2002 - Hoang Lien ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review Part 2: LEAF MONKEYS 20 Relationship within Trachypithecus The genus Trachypithecus is the most wide-spread Asian langur genus of Asian langurs with a distribution area from India to Vietnam and Sumatra, Java and Borneo. In Vietnam, in the past, taxa of three major groups were recognized: cristatus group a Silvered langur closely related to other species of this group on Java, Borneo, Sumatra, some neighbouring islands, Malay peninsula; described as T. cristatus obscurus group a Grey langur resembling most closely the Phayre’s langur, and hence, it was described as a subspecies of the Phayre’s langur (T. phayrei crepusculus), francoisi group, mostly specified as the superspecies francoisi with six to seven different taxa of which four to five were recognized for Vietnam (francoisi, poliocephalus, delacouri, hatinhensis, ebenus). The data set excludes four species of the genus Trachypithecus, since these (johnii, vetulus, geei and pileatus) are more closely related to the genus Semnopithecus than they are to Trachypithecus and hence should be recognised as species of Semnopithecus. These species do not occur in Indochina. Following the results of the DNA analysis within the genus Trachypithecus, a first radiation into three main lineages occurred: cristatus group; a Silvered-, Ebony langur group with three species (germaini, cristatus and auratus), obscurus group; a Phayre’s-, Dusky langur group with two species (phayrei, obscurus) francoisi (superspecies) group including crepsuculus. Later, the Silvered langurs radiated again and the data show that the Silvered langurs should be separated into three distinct species. Now they have the largest distribution area of all Asian langurs. One species on Java (auratus), one on Sumatra, Borneo and Malay peninsula (cristatus) and one in Thailand, Cambodia and South Vietnam (germaini). The monophyly of the Silvered langur group is highly supported with a bootstrap value of 95%. We propose to use the name Indochinese Silvered langur for Trachypithecus germaini. In contrast to previous assumptions, the data have shown that crepusculus (previous T. phayrei crepusculus) is not a close relative of the Phayre’s langur group, but a distant relative of the superspecies francoisi. The monophyletic origin of the superspecies francoisi and T. crepusculus is highly supported in the phylogenetic tree with a bootstrap value of 96%. Based on these data, it is justified to separate crepusculus from other taxa of the Phayre’s langur group as a separate species, Trachypithecus crepusculus. Based on this new systematic position there is now no common name for this taxa. We propose to use the name Grey langur, based on the Vietnamese common name for this species. The superspecies francoisi (Roos et al., 2001), comprises six closely related langur taxa, which are endemic to Northern Indochina. The monophyletic origin of this group is highly supported with a bootstrap value of 99%. Within the group, three major genetic lineages were detected that reflect the geographic distribution pattern of these taxa very well:
2 LEAF MONKEYS one in the Northern distribution area containing the taxa francoisi, poliocephalus and leucocephalus; one in the Southern part of its distribution area with laotum and hatinhensis, and one taxa distributed between the Northern and Southern group, delacouri. Within the Northern group, T. francoisi was the first to split off, with poliocephalus and leucocephalus as the last to diverge. This well reflects the differences and similarities in fur coloration and behaviour among these primates. Based on the molecular data, it would be justified to separate T. francoisi from the two other taxa as distinct species and to recognize poliocephalus and leucocephalus as subspecies of the species T. poliocephalus. The two taxa represented in the Southern lineage are very closely related and hence should be recognised only as subspecies of the species T. laotum. In recent time, a new subspecies, T. auratus ebenus, was described (Brandon-Jones, 1995), which resembles more closely the francoisi group than the Ebony langur from Java (Nadler, 1998d, 1998e). Molecular genetic studies using the type specimen (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington) and the only living all-black langur, kept at the EPRC, have shown that this taxon cannot be separated from the Hatinh langur (T. l. hatinhensis) and hence, should not be recognised as a distinct subspecies. It can be expected that the Black langur is only an melanistic morph of the Hatinh langur, which is also supported by field observations in that both morphs are present in the same region (Ruggieri & Timmins, 1995). T. delacouri, distributed between both groups is more closely related to the southern group than to the northern ones. Based on genetic distances, however, it is justified to separate this taxon also as a distinct species. Relationship within Rhinopithecus Within the genus Rhinopithecus, four different species are recognized. Three of them, brelichi, bieti and roxellana are endemic to China, whereas the fourth species, R. avunculus can only be found in Northern Vietnam. Three of these species were part of the study. Based on the genetic distances between analysed taxa, it is justified to separate them all as distinct species. However, the relationship among bieti, roxellana and avunculus is not very well resolved. Although avunculus represents the sister clade to bieti and roxellana in the tree, these results should be treated with caution, since the statistical support for this relationship is very low (52%), and could change with a higher number of sequences and specimens. Relationship within Pygathrix The douc langurs, genus Pygathrix, are endemic to Indochina. Previously, two taxa, a red-shanked (nemaeus) and a black-shanked form (nigripes) were recognized, which most authors have included within one species P. nemaeus. However, Nadler (1997) described a new form with grey shanks as P. nemaeus cinereus. Later, the name was altered with grammatical reason to P. nemaeus cinerea (Brandon- Jones in: Timmins & Duckworth, 1999). Another taxa, P. nemaeus moi from the Langbian Peak (Lam Dong Province, Vietnam) was already described in 1926 by Kloss, which most scientists have synonymized with the black-shanked form, P. nemaeus nigripes. Based on genetic distance comparisons, P. nemaeus moi cannot be separated from the Black-shanked douc. These results confirm previous assumptions and hence, we follow these studies and synonymize moi with nigripes. 21
Page 1: Tilo Nadler - Frank Momberg - Nguye
Page 4 and 5: THE DESIGNATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ENT
Page 6 and 7: iv 3.4 Delacour’s langur (Trachyp
Page 8 and 9: vi Acknowledgement Fauna & Flora In
Page 10 and 11: viii Abbreviations Key to abbreviat
Page 12 and 13: Red-shanked douc langurs; group of
Page 14 and 15: Vietnam Primate Conservation Status
Page 18 and 19: 3 2 1 4 1. Indochinese Silvered lan
Page 27 and 28: 3. Langurs
Page 29 and 30: 3. Langurs 3.0 An introduction to t
Page 31 and 32: The basic social organisation for t
Page 33 and 34: 3.1 Francois’ langur
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Francois’ langur Trachypithec
Page 37 and 38: DISTRIBUTION OF FRANCOIS' LANGUR (T
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 41 and 42: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 43 and 44: Discussed records Quang Ninh Provin
Page 45: 3.1 FRANCOIS’ LANGUR - Trachypith
Page 48 and 49: 2 3 6 1 4 5 1. Hatinh langur; ad. m
Page 58 and 59: 1 2 3 4 1. Cat Ba langur; ad. femal
Page 71 and 72: 3.4. Delacour’s langur
Page 73 and 74:
3.4 Delacour’s langur Trachypithe
Page 75 and 76:
3.4 DELACOUR’S LANGUR - Trachypit
Page 77 and 78:
3.4.4 Delacour’s langur records 3
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Locations where Delacour’s langur
Page 85 and 86:
3.4.5 Status 3.4 DELACOUR’S LANGU
Page 87 and 88:
3.4.6 Recommendations for conservat
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
3.5. Grey langur
Page 93 and 94:
3.5 Grey langur Trachypithecus crep
Page 95 and 96:
Distribution in China 3.5 GREY LANG
Page 97 and 98:
3.5 GREY LANGUR - Trachypithecus cr
Page 99 and 100:
3.5 GREY LANGUR - Trachypithecus cr
Page 101 and 102:
Vu Quang National Park (HA TINH) Sp
Page 103 and 104:
Ha Tay Province 20 O 34’-21 O 17
Page 105 and 106:
3.6. Indochinese Silvered langur
Page 107 and 108:
3.6 Indochinese Silvered langur Tra
Page 109 and 110:
3.6 INDOCHINESE SILVERED LANGUR - T
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
4.0. Douc langurs
Page 117 and 118:
4. Douc langurs 4.0 An introduction
Page 119 and 120:
4 DOUC LANGURS Groups are character
Page 121 and 122:
4.1.2 Black-shanked douc langur Pyg
Page 123 and 124:
4 DOUC LANGURS DISTRIBUTION OF RED-
Page 125 and 126:
4 DOUC LANGURS DISTRIBUTION OF BLAC
Page 127 and 128:
4 DOUC LANGURS One infant skull (IE
Page 129 and 130:
4 DOUC LANGURS Bach Ma National Par
Page 131 and 132:
4 DOUC LANGURS My Town and Ro Villa
Page 133 and 134:
4 DOUC LANGURS very poor secondary
Page 135 and 136:
A Yun Pa Nature Reserve (GIA LAI) S
Page 137 and 138:
Krong No District (DAK LAK) Special
Page 139 and 140:
4 DOUC LANGURS The Ra Glai minority
Page 141 and 142:
Dinh Quan District (DONG NAI) Speci
Page 143 and 144:
4 DOUC LANGURS Obviously there are
Page 145:
4 DOUC LANGURS ✱ The establishmen
Page 148 and 149:
2 3 1 1. Tonkin snub-nosed monkey;
Page 150 and 151:
Vietnam Primate Conservation Status
Page 152 and 153:
DISTRIBUTION OF TONKIN SNUB-NOSED M
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
5 2 3 1 4 6 1. Hunters with living
Page 170 and 171:
Page 173 and 174:
7.0. Conservation Policy
Page 175 and 176:
7. Conservation policy 7.1 Hunting
Page 177 and 178:
The aims of an ex-situ programme sh
Page 179 and 180:
7 CONSERVATION POLICY Table 7.4-1 R
Page 181 and 182:
8. References 8 REFERENCES Adler, H
Page 183 and 184:
8 REFERENCES Boonratana, R., and Le
Page 185 and 186:
8 REFERENCES Dao Van Tien. 1970. Su
Page 187 and 188:
8 REFERENCES Fooden, J. 1976a. Prov
Page 189 and 190:
8 REFERENCES Hill, W. C. O. 1934. A
Page 191 and 192:
8 REFERENCES Le Khac Quyet and Trin
Page 193 and 194:
8 REFERENCES Lippold, L. K. 1995a.
Page 195 and 196:
Monestrol, H. (ed.). 1952. Chasses
Page 197 and 198:
8 REFERENCES Ngo Van Tri. 1999b. Th
Page 199 and 200:
8 REFERENCES Pham Nhat, Nguyen Xuan
Page 201 and 202:
8 REFERENCES Simonetta, A. 1957. Ca
Page 203 and 204:
8 REFERENCES Vermeulen, J. and Whit
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 1 Leaf monkey species in t
Page 207 and 208:
Appendix 2 Selected areas of high v
Page 209 and 210:
8 APPENDIX: 2 the surrounding area
Page 211 and 212:
8 APPENDIX: 2 Forests in the southe
Page 213 and 214:
Ke Go Nature Reserve (HA TINH) Spec
Page 215 and 216:
8 APPENDIX: 2 was decreed with a to
Page 217 and 218:
8 APPENDIX: 2 Elevation: reaching 1
Page 219 and 220:
8 APPENDIX: 2 regeneration of everg
Page 221 and 222:
Appendix 3 IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES
Page 223 and 224:
EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct whe
Page 225 and 226:
B Extent of occurrence estimated to
Page 227 and 228:
D Population estimated to number le
Page 230:
The Primate Conservation Status Rev
show all

Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2002 - Hoang Lien ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?