volume 2 - Robert Bedrosian's Armenian History Workshop

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384 The Natural Enemies of Mummies. of the VIth dynasty at Sakkarah I have seen mummy chambers half full of water, due to infiltration and leakage and the cofhns and mummies in them were reduced to a sodden mass. The mummies of the Xllth dynasty which I bought with their coffins at Asyut were full of dry rot, and collapsed into masses of dust and bones when we attempted to lift them out of their coffins to pack them. All mummies, except those which were dipped in bitumen, were subject to the attacks of worms and moths. In some of the tombs of the late period at Aswan I have seen skeletons from which every bandage and every particle of flesh had been eaten by the ants ; and in some of the large caverns in the hills of Western Thebes I have seen dried bodies being eaten by myriads of smaU beetles. The mummies which the tomb-robber held to be of least value were those which were made after the XXVIth dynasty. These, except in rare cases, were not prepared with sweet unguents and precious oils and myrrh and spices and expensive drugs, In many mummies' only the skull but with bitumen. and belly are found to be filled with bitumen,' but in others it is quite clear that the whole penetrated the body was flesh and soaked in bitumen, which discoloured the bones. A body which had been so treated became a black, hard, heavy and shapeless mass, and very difficult to break up. It is clear that few would deck their dead with jewellery and costly amulets when it was decided that they were to be steeped in bitumen, and as the tombrobber discovered this fact very soon, he left bitumenized bodies severely alone. But this treatment with bitumen did not preserve mummies from wreckage and annihilation. On the contrary, it became the direct cause of the destruction of tens of thousands of them, for the bitumen taken from them yielded far larger profit to the tomb-breaker than the jewellery and amulets which decorated the mummies made with unguents and myrrh. The reason of this is not far to seek : bitumen was used ' This fact was known to "Abd al-Latif (ed. de Sacy, p. 200) in the twelfth century.
Bitumen as Medicine. 385 in medicine, and as that variety which is found in mummies was believed to be of the very best quaUty, mummies containing bitumen were eagerly sought for, and when found they were dragged out of the tombs and broken up, and both the bitumen and the bitumenized flesh were sold to the physicians for use in medicine. The Egyptians were well acquainted with the preservative qualities of bitumen, tar and pitch, and it is possible that they used all three in medicine,^ as did the Greeks, Romans, Syrians,^ Arabs and Persians. According to Dioscorides,' who flourished at the end of the first century, A.D., the 7ricro-ao-
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3 1924 088 412 592
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BY NILE AND TIGRIS VOLUME II.
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BY NILE AND TIGRIS A NARRATIVE OF J
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME II.
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viii List of Illustrations in Volum
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2 Size of Nineveh Exaggerated. Egyp
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4 The Plain of Nineveh. a comparati
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6 Sennacherib Rebuilds Nineveh. Tig
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The Medes Capture Nineveh. y son, E
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The Site of Nineveh Never Forgotten
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and the Palaces under the Mosque of
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Survey of Nineveh by Felix Jones. 1
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His Excavations at Khorsabad. 15 br
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British Museum Excavations at NimrH
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George Smith's Excavations at Kuyil
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Death of George Smith. 21 Governmen
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Discoveries at Nineveh by Natives.
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Annual Sacrifice at Jonah's Spring.
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Ryllo, the Jesuit Father, at Nineve
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Rassam's Attempt to Excavate Nabi Y
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^^g^!l^t'Q:3'^-^^.'^ . View of Mosu
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32 Ihn Bat4tah's Description of MSs
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34 Tavernier's Description of MSsul
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36 Jonah not Buried at Nineveh. and
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Secret Excavations at Nabi YUnis. 3
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1. BSi> el Amadi 2. Bab Sindsjar 8.
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Scene in the baz^r at Mosul. Scene
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42 The Gates of MSsul. needed to en
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44 The Bazar at MSsul. is very soft
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46 Bridge of Boats at Mdsul. upstre
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48 The Town Council of Mdsul. frequ
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Murder of a Soldier by an Officer.
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Native Views about White's Visit to
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Visit to the WdU Pdshd of MSsul. 53
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The Pdshd of MSsul Helpless. 55 bri
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His Punitive Expedition Sets Out. 5
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The Turkish Soldiers Fed by the Sha
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Native Views about Chimneys. 6i wer
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'Askar the Kurd and the Dog Saba}.
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Excavations at Kuy^njik. 65 court o
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and its Early Excavators. 67 he wis
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To face p. 69, vol.
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yo Mr. Ainslie the American Mission
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72 Mdr Eliyd MUds, Bishop of Malaba
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74 The Dominican Fathers at MSsul.
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^6 Visit to Khorsabad. the site of
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78 Visit to Tall Baldwdt. and when
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8o MSsul Flooded. elsewhere. From e
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82 A Holy Man of MSsul. dusty or mu
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84 The Sdm Wind. and was physically
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86 M6suL TO Baghdad by Raft. Mercha
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88 Hammam 'Alt. gifts of food, eggs
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90 NimrM Dam. Be this as it may, th
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92 The Ziggurat of Nimritd. the str
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':7'^'^»i^,?''^^^'"''^'""^^ m$^':f
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To face p. 97, vol. ; Khidr Elias.
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gS The Munayyarah Rapid. they assur
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100 City of Tukulti-Ninib I. and th
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102 The City of Ashur. to prevent t
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104 Excavations at Kal'at Sharkdt.
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io6 Water Wheels on the Tigris. the
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io8 An Ill-Conditioned Sayyid. We a
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no The Nahrawdn Canal. passed sever
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112 The Tombs of the Imdms at Sdmar
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114 The Malwtyah. " Malwiyah,"^ hj^
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Istabuldt. 115 We returned to our r
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The Median Wall of Xenophon. 117 Th
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A Monster Fish. iig the Arabs from
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121 Baghdad to London. Almost befor
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Antica Dealers in Baghddd. 123 boug
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To face p. 124, vol. ii. Clay model
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126 Colonel Talbot's Influence. In
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128 Tombs of the " Three Children."
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130 Fish-Traps on the Tigris. casti
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132 / Abandon the Altar. antiquitie
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134 Thunder-Storm in the Persian Gu
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136 Mr. N. White goes to America. s
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Results of the Third Mission. 137 s
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f^. iirp>TT
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FOURTH MISSION, 1890-91. LONDON TO
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144 Application for a Permit for th
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146 Excavations at Wan. we then had
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i4§ A Fragment of the Aristotle Pa
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The Papyri from HermopoUs. 149 we b
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Roman Tomb at Alexandria. 151 Works
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His Collection of Greek Coins. 153
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The Nile in Flood. 155 waters. In m
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Festival of the Prophet's Birthday.
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Dr. Schroder. 159 in Mismdrt, i.e.,
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Asht^rd and Ba'albak. l6i eleven o'
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The Monoliths of Ba'albak. 163 The
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The Abana and Pharpar. 165 over an
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Mr. John Dickson. 167 would take no
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The Damascus-Baghdad Camel-Post. i6
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The Importance of Damascus. 171 cre
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The Great Mosque of Damascus. 173 b
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The Beauty-Spot on the Cheek of the
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Al-Kutayyifah. 177 very glad to see
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The Oasis of Karyatin. 179 Homs, an
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Quarantine Regulations. i8i places
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Kasr (d-Hev. i83 but all the ruins
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Osmdn Bey Bestower of Decorations.
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The Oasis of Tudmur (Palmyra). 187
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Marwdn II Excavates a Tomb at Palmy
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Arak (Aracha). igi In spite of the
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Sulphur Springs of ^ukhnah. 193 con
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Camel Fair at Sukhnah. 195 tent bet
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Sand Storm in the Desert. 197 well
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Dir az-Zilr. 199 mighty dam on the
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The Ferry at Dir az-Z4r. 201 soldie
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Markadah on the KhdbHr. 203 furlong
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The Ruins at 'Ardbdn. 205 'Ariban.
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Tall Td'hdn. 207 impassable. We had
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Lady Ellenborough. 209 said that he
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The Great Swamp of Khdt^ntyah. 211
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A Thieves' Settlement. 213 might ha
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SuUmdn ibn Khidr, the Shikh Thief.
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Turkish Atrocities in the Sinjdr Hi
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Turkish Atrocities in the Sinjdr Hi
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Ay^b Beg and the Yaztdis. 221 met u
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The Springs at Al-Hardrdt. 223 gave
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Mdsul. 225 we pjissed the village o
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227 Appendix. Note on the YazIdIs.
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Turkish Persecution of the Yaztdis.
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231 M6SUL AND The Monastery of Rabb
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Turkish Obstruction. 233 soldiers t
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The Christians of Malabar. 235 that
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• * To face p. 236, vol. ii. The
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238 Acqusition of Valuable Syriac M
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The Cream of Wisdom. 239 bought thi
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The Synagogue of Nahum the Prophet.
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The Tomb of Rabban HSrmizd. 243 or
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Sketch of the Life of Rabban Hdrmiz
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The Nestorians at Tall Kef. 247 Mos
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Syriac Manuscripts at Tall Kif. 249
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•^2—**aoo 2*03, ^aov3 To face p
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252 The American Mission at Mosul.
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254 Takrtt. said that she had been
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256 A Visitor to the Raft. boldly,
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258 The Turkish Authorities Exploit
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26o Excavations at D^r. As soon as
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262 Our Faramdn or Permit to Excava
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264 We Set Out for Dir. he was depu
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266 Difficulties of Water Supply. h
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268 Tablets Preserved in Jars. and
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Journey to Kifl. 269 One morning a
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The Hindtyah Barrage. 271 camp fire
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To face p. 273, vol. ii. list of th
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274 Babylonian Letters and Contract
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276 Al-Kufah to Musayyib. saying th
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278 Visits from Neighbouring Arabs.
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Colonel Tweedie Visits Dir, 279 or
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Excavations at D^r Closed. 281 the
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Tablets in a Coffin. 283 chanting,
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The Confiscated Manuscripts. 285 of
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Parthian Coins. 287 them to London
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Gift of a Parthian Sarcophagus. 289
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To face p. 291, vol. ii. Painted po
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292 APPENDIX I. On February 28th Ca
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294 Commemorative Tablet at Basrah.
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296 Arabic MSS. from Mosul. 26. Com
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298 Arabic MSS. from MSsul. loi. A
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300 An Action for Slander. Rassam v
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302 An Action for Slander. action,
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304 An Action for Slander. his empl
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3o6 An Action for Slander. Mr. Geor
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3o8 An Action for Slander. of a car
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310 An Action for Slander. quelques
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312 An Action for Slander. "9. As f
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314 -^n Action for Slander. " 18. Y
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3^6 An Action for Slander. " Para.
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3i8 An Action for Slander. The edit
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321 Missions to Egypt, the SudAn, a
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in Mesopotamia and Egypt. 323 easy
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Forged Royal and Funerary Scarabs.
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'- mum ^ r h f :? { U i^ 2 To face
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328 The Native Dealers. were finall
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330 The Smuggling of Antiquities. m
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332 Destruction of Mummies by the N
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334 Predynastic Egyptian Antiquitie
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Monuments of Kashta and Harua. 335
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To face p. 337, vol. it. % \-^ I "^
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338 The Mastabah of Ptak-shepses. f
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The " Finds " at TUnah al-Jahal. 33
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To face p. 340, vol. n-
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Discovery of Papyrus Books. 341 and
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To face p. 342, vol. ii. {see note
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Greek Papyri. 343 " der vorliegende
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To face p. 344, vol. ti. Limestone
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346 I take Possession of the Papyru
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348 The Papyrus from Meir Secured.
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Discovery oj Romano-Egyptian Mummie
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To face p. 350, vol. ii. ^ ^ oa;
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352 A Journey to Suez. for the purp
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354 -4 Friend in Need. officials an
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35^ My Missions to the Egyptian SMd
Page 433 and 434: The British Museum Collection of Sc
Page 435: ViiS' mssa!ie-'^l&.'.- -••W'T:
Page 438 and 439: 360 'A Pre-dynastic Mummy Secured.
Page 441 and 442: Maspero's Re-appointment. 361 grave
Page 443: To face p. 362, vol. it. Red granit
Page 447 and 448: Statue of Sekhem-suatch-taui-Ra. 36
Page 450 and 451: To face p. 365, vol. ii. 7 ^5365] U
Page 452 and 453: 366 The Tomb of Amen-hetep II. wish
Page 455 and 456: Disappearance of the Boat of Amen-h
Page 457: To face p. 368, vol. it. Statue of
Page 461 and 462: Coptic Antiquities. 369 disappointi
Page 463: To face p. 370, vol. Gravestone of
Page 466 and 467: 372 Search for Coptic Papyri. the A
Page 469 and 470: Papyrus Codex of Books of the Bible
Page 471: ^H p t«w >< n »J A?7 -I Ki wooytj
Page 474 and 475: 37^ Palm Sunday in the Great Oasis.
Page 476 and 477: 378 The Egyptian Temples in the Gre
Page 478 and 479: 380 Additions to the British Museum
Page 481 and 482: Fate of the Egyptian Dead. 381 them
Page 483: The Wrecking of Tombs and Mummies.
Page 487 and 488: Ambrose Pard on Mummy. 387 loathsom
Page 489 and 490: The Object of Mummification. 389 br
Page 491 and 492: Egyptian Souls and Their Mummies. 3
Page 493 and 494: The Royal Mummies in Cairo. 393 and
Page 495 and 496: Security of Mummies in the British
Page 497: The Nameless Dead Eternally Dead. 3
Page 502 and 503: 400 Index. Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad, II, 2
Page 504 and 505: 402 Index. Al-Kubbah, II, 193. Al-K
Page 506 and 507: 404 Index. Arnon, I, 33. Ardgah, I,
Page 508 and 509: 4o6 Index. founded, I, 187 ; area o
Page 510 and 511: 4o8 Index. Behistun, Inscription of
Page 512 and 513: 410 Index. brick oven, I, 250. bric
Page 514 and 515: 412 Index. 174- Caviglia, I, 25. ce
Page 516 and 517: 414 Cooper, Mr. W. R., I, 7, 11. co
Page 518 and 519: 4i6 Index. Der al-M6sul, I, 451. De
Page 520 and 521: 4i8 Index. Erzerum, II, 41. E-Sagil
Page 522 and 523: 420 Index. Gamett, Dr., I, 68. Gaxr
Page 524 and 525: 422 Index. Hanging Garden {icpefxai
Page 526 and 527: 424 Ibn Betar, II, 385. Ibn Duraid,
Page 528 and 529: 426 Index. Jask, I, 157, 158. Jastr
Page 530 and 531: 428 Index. Kasr Shirin, I, 242. Kas
Page 532 and 533: 430 King and Thompson, II, 15-23, 5
Page 534 and 535:
432 Index Mahmudiyah I, 314 ; II, 2
Page 536 and 537:
434 Mesha, King of Moab, I, 33. Mes
Page 538 and 539:
436 Muhawwal, I, 313, 314. Muhtadi,
Page 540 and 541:
438 Neubauer, Ad., I, 266. Neufeld,
Page 542 and 543:
440 palm branches at Khargah, II, 3
Page 544 and 545:
442 Index. prayer houses, II, 45. P
Page 546 and 547:
444 Romanus IV, Diogenes, I, 389. R
Page 548 and 549:
446 Screen, figures from Coptic, I,
Page 550 and 551:
448 skulls. Prof. Macalister's, 1,
Page 552 and 553:
450 Index. Tabnith, sarcophagus of,
Page 554 and 555:
452 Index. Thisbe's Well, II, 25. T
Page 556 and 557:
454 Index. 'Umar ibn al-F^rid, II,
Page 558:
456 Index. Wright, W. Aldis, I, 59.
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