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temporary dwellings, comprised of "a tamped earth foundation or podium at ground level or only slightly elevated...coupled with troughs and sometimes underground conduits to drain water. .." perhaps accompanied by a stone wall footing, but with the rest of the structure comprising a wooden skeletal framework together with bamboo or similar matting or wattle and daub. I hesitate, however, to limit the possibilities to but two or three, as further sources (Wegars, 1993; Spence,1992) nominate other equally possible methods of construction. Sisson (in Wegars,1993:53-55) suggests bUilding materials used by Chinese in the United States were quite varied, the least durable of which, at Sacramento in California were wood and canvas. Sisson also records work by Jack, Holmes and Kerr at Palmerston in far north Queensland, which suggested the use of materials such as thatched grass, bark, corrugated iron and wood. Also in Wegars are several references to the construction of dwellings at least partially below the natural ground surface, while Knapp (1990: 13-17) refers to construction methods involving excavation of houses completely below the surface. This method of construction, confined to the north, and in particular to Henan and Shanxi provinces, involved the excavation of a pit, sometimes one hundred square meters in area, which served as a courtyard. Houses were then excavated into the northern, eastern and western walls of the pit, the southern wall not being used on account of it being in constant shade. A ramp on the southern side of the pit was used for access. Knapp (1990:59) also discusses the principles of fengshui, which suggest the Chinese would have avoided cutting into a hill for fear of causing damage to the pulse of the dragon - the portent of fire and ill fortune, and so perhaps would also avoid any excavation such as a cellar. Perhaps construction on level ground is not be subject to the same limitations. 6.4 Agricultural Methods No historical record has been found of the specific agricultural practices followed by the Chinese at Milparinka. It is clear, however, from the records of crops produced at various times, that they were quite successful in growing a variety of fruit and vegetables. Spence (1992) in a chapter on foods available in China over several centuries also makes it clear none of the recorded crops were unfamiliar to the Chinese, although, for example, sweet potato was more likely to be widely familiar than the 'Irish' one apparently grown at Milparinka. Sweet potato was part of the staple diet of the poorer residents of coastal south-eastern China by the early 1800s (Spence, 1992: 168), and of coolies in north China by 1850 (Spence,1992:171).
King (1908:nn) reported the use of cellars in the storage of grapes in northern Shantung province, but my other research has failed to find additional information in this regard. King also reported the intensive use of fields, with vine crops, particularly cucumbers, being grown above other vegetables. He suggested (1911: 36) that apart from the economies thus obtained in the use of land, the vine crops served to shelter more susceptible crops from the extremes of weather. Such a system would have clear application at Milparinka where extremes of heat in summer and sub-zero overnight temperatures during winter are encountered. In addition to the terra cotta vessels adjacent to rural properties already mentioned, King recorded the use of small wells or tanks, and in some instances, covered earthenware pots, adjacent to fields or village gardens as receptacles of manures pending use on the crops. From these liquid was ladled to individual plants in careful proportion (King, 1911:230). That a similar system was in use at Milparinka is suggested by the incident involving 'little Annie McLean'.
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THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
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• for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
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8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
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PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
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43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
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Note regarding expression of curren
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European expansion along the Darlin
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source of supply for Milparinka dur
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1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
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Additional help is sought as requir
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approached by them - 'During the at
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PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
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here also is to be seen indications
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2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
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people from a variety of cultural b
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Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
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Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
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migrant's loyalties to family proba
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3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
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Considerable attention was given in
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the vicinity of the town even thoug
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it may also be that they simply cho
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of five had been elected 'to canvas
Page 52 and 53: Sources located during my research
Page 54 and 55: the high cost of transporting mater
Page 56 and 57: conditions.. .' However, the Austra
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
Page 60 and 61: But everyone did not live around Ch
Page 62 and 63: In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
Page 64 and 65: Loftus Street just opposite the sto
Page 66 and 67: 1884, the adjoining block (Section
Page 68 and 69: All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
Page 70 and 71: Just over five years before the pur
Page 72 and 73: hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
Page 74 and 75: twenty head impounded, seven of whi
Page 76 and 77: 5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
Page 78 and 79: 5.5 Small Business During the perio
Page 80 and 81: comment now made was directed at th
Page 82 and 83: 5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
Page 84 and 85: The community at Tibooburra were th
Page 86 and 87: on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
Page 88 and 89: PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
Page 91 and 92: water for washing. Last two week. W
Page 93: A further gap exists in the chronol
Page 96 and 97: plaintiff ask for the three pounds
Page 98 and 99: Chinese. The woman comes backwards
Page 100 and 101: Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107: 7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
Page 108 and 109: 7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
Page 110 and 111: ecord, and of stone foundations in
Page 112 and 113: Chinese assemblages studied by othe
Page 115 and 116: TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
Page 117 and 118: 8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
Page 119: six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
Page 122 and 123: transported away from the main area
Page 124 and 125: encountered on hollowwares from bot
Page 126 and 127: Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
Page 128 and 129: All three coins were minted prior t
Page 130 and 131: describe them as opium-tincture via
Page 132 and 133: circular open-topped corrugated iro
Page 134 and 135: have resided in the vicinity. A det
Page 136 and 137: Some reasonably straightforward tes
Page 138 and 139: inside rim is also decorated, in th
Page 140 and 141: Examination of glaze variations sug
Page 142 and 143: Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
Page 144 and 145: panel, between which three to five
Page 146 and 147: PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
Page 148 and 149: existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151: 9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
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associated with the actual well, al
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The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
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China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
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existed between the Baker family an
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Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
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CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
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NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
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TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
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Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
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Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
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in their hurry at crossing, and bei
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attempt at concealment of them, but
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Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
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Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
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Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
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237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
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Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
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there is no record as to when his b
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A endix E Small business, services
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Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
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Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
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G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
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Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
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Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
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Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
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BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
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APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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