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China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman's Garden Well both had coins from these provinces. There are no coins from southern China. It is noted that 66.4% of the coins evaluated by Ritchie (1986:572 ) were from Northern China - specifically from the vicinity of Beijing, and that the Milparinka sample is exclusively from remote provincial mints in northern China may simply be a product of visibility in the surface scatter. I acknowledge that the evidence is tenuous but it is sufficient to canvass the possibility of a northern China origin for the Chinese at Milparinka. Perhaps the opportunity will arise for assessment of this proposal from further work at their garden sites. 9.4 Community Relationships 9.4.0 Introduction The principal objective of my research was to study the relationship between the Chinese and European communities at Milparinka. The underlying expectation was that Milparinka failed because of a lack of integration between different sectors of the population living within and around the town. My proposal was that, had the community had an adequate co-operative network, Milparinka may have acquired strategic resources which, together with the town's favoured treatment as a centre of government administration might have allowed it to continue as an urban centre. Although attention was particularly directed to the Chinese as a clearly identifiable group, and as preliminary assessment showed they controlled significant resources, the outcome of the research shows that significant fragmentation existed within the European community alone. 9.4.1 Relationships within the European Community Milparinka had great difficulty in generating co-operation on community projects. Perhaps it lacked a critical social mass as well as suffering a scarcity of resources. The historical record shows several instances where projects may have failed simply because they did not serve the personal interests of various residents. For example, the erection of a public hall would have produced competition with Bamess' "newly furnished building", mentioned at paragraph 5.7. That these projects would have provided community facilities in competition with those already provided privately complicates any evaluation of this factor. The projects also failed because the community was unable to generate sufficient cash to futher the various causes - the hospital, the hall, the water supply. But another factor may have been procrastination. While Milparinka dallied about the location of the hospital, Tibooburra built one. While Milparinka sent representations to government officials seeking a solution to community issues such as the management of the town common, Tibooburra embarrassed people into compliance. Tibooburra may have
developed a more pragmatic attitute to the law. Comparisons such as these have not been addressed, as they are outside the scope of this thesis. But even without comparisons to Tibooburra the attitudinal difficulties come to the fore. Milparinka suffered from a chronic shortage of water, but it seems the attitude was that 'the Government' should resolve the problem. That a group of ageing Chinese controlled the best and most reliable supply did not help the situation. 9.4.2 Relationships between the Chinese and European Communities The archaeological record indicates a limited flow of European goods most probably from the European town to the Chinese. This flow included clothing, spirits ('6 to the Gallon' whisky), tinned foods, wax vestas, pickles, kerosene, and medicines, all of which were available from the European storekeepers at Milparinka. Several of the bottles from the Chinese sites are those generically described as 'beers', which my research has confirmed were used for a variety of goods, including beer, vinegar (Arnold,1987:27) and Peppermint. Various bottles which relate to European medicines have also been identified. Some of these may have contained preparations such as laudanum (Opium Tincture) and chlorodine (Chloroform and Morphine Tincture), both of which were used in the general community. (Photograph 49 is of a 'beer' bottle bearing remnants of a label which reads 'PEPPERMINT', taken in January 1994 on the site of the Kandie Hotel, between Wilcannia and Milparinka. No research has been undertaken into the closure of this hotel, but advertisments in The Sturt Recorder show that it certainly operated during the 1890s, under a licensee named Henry W Major.) At both Chinese sites being considered there is strong archaeological evidence for the use of goods originating from China, which my research has failed to demonstrate were available from the European storekeepers at Milparinka. It is, of course, possible that Tom Gox, sold Chinese soy and salted vegetables etc., but if so, this only confirms co-operation between the Chinese. It is also possible that the Chinese medicines and opium used by the Chinese was purchased locally, but nothing in the historical record suggests this was the case. The archaeological record also strongly suggests that the Chinese wore clothing of a style which would have been generally available. Information regarding the origins and the style of fasteners used on clothes available through Baker's store in Milparinka would be required before any definite conclusions could be drawn regarding purchases by the Chinese from that source. But the oral history suggests a reasonably good relationship
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THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
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• for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
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8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
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PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
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43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
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Note regarding expression of curren
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European expansion along the Darlin
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source of supply for Milparinka dur
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1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
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Additional help is sought as requir
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approached by them - 'During the at
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PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
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here also is to be seen indications
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2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
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people from a variety of cultural b
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Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
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Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
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migrant's loyalties to family proba
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3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
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Considerable attention was given in
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the vicinity of the town even thoug
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it may also be that they simply cho
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of five had been elected 'to canvas
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Sources located during my research
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the high cost of transporting mater
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conditions.. .' However, the Austra
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Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
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But everyone did not live around Ch
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In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
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Loftus Street just opposite the sto
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1884, the adjoining block (Section
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All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
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Just over five years before the pur
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hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
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twenty head impounded, seven of whi
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5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
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5.5 Small Business During the perio
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comment now made was directed at th
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5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
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The community at Tibooburra were th
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on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
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PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
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water for washing. Last two week. W
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A further gap exists in the chronol
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plaintiff ask for the three pounds
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Chinese. The woman comes backwards
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Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
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temporary dwellings, comprised of "
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Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107: 7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
Page 108 and 109: 7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
Page 110 and 111: ecord, and of stone foundations in
Page 112 and 113: Chinese assemblages studied by othe
Page 115 and 116: TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
Page 117 and 118: 8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
Page 119: six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
Page 122 and 123: transported away from the main area
Page 124 and 125: encountered on hollowwares from bot
Page 126 and 127: Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
Page 128 and 129: All three coins were minted prior t
Page 130 and 131: describe them as opium-tincture via
Page 132 and 133: circular open-topped corrugated iro
Page 134 and 135: have resided in the vicinity. A det
Page 136 and 137: Some reasonably straightforward tes
Page 138 and 139: inside rim is also decorated, in th
Page 140 and 141: Examination of glaze variations sug
Page 142 and 143: Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
Page 144 and 145: panel, between which three to five
Page 146 and 147: PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
Page 148 and 149: existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151: 9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
Page 152 and 153: associated with the actual well, al
Page 154 and 155: The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
Page 158 and 159: existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161: Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163: CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165: NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
Page 166 and 167: TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
Page 169 and 170: Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
Page 172 and 173: Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
Page 174 and 175: in their hurry at crossing, and bei
Page 176 and 177: attempt at concealment of them, but
Page 178 and 179: Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
Page 180 and 181: Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
Page 182 and 183: Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
Page 186 and 187: 237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
Page 188 and 189: Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
Page 190 and 191: there is no record as to when his b
Page 192: A endix E Small business, services
Page 196 and 197: Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
Page 198 and 199: Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
Page 200 and 201: G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
Page 203: Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
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Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
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Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
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BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
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APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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