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specific locations and in an attempt to find out the degree to which the assemblages correlate with activities mentioned in the historical record. Cultural characteristics were sought through comparison of the assemblage to that recorded from known Chinese sites researched by others, such as Ritchie, McCarthy, Grimwade, and Fagan. The assemblage was studied to identify evidence of economic and recreational activities. A futher aspect considered was the possible presence of artefacts associated with religious observance, as a comment made by Nel Baker (personal communication, 1988) regarding the placement of whisky on the Chinese graves at Milparinka tends to fit the pattern of the Taoist grave cleaning ritual. In order to interpret the artefactual assemblage for other indications of ritual observance, information was sought from a number of sources. This research established that Taoist ancestor worship includes two basic rituals. The first practice is the grave-cleaning ceremony, part of which was apparently observed by Nel Baker. This particular ritual is an annual event, and includes the offering of sustenance to the deceased. Responsibility for this ritual is clearly delineated as being that of the persons most obligated to the deceased, but "anyone who has free time goes to weed and set the graves in order, acting as a representative of the ancestor's other descendants" (Ahern, 1973:166). Food, generally in an unprepared state, is placed on the grave, ritual paper money is burnt, and wine is poured over the surface of the grave (Ahern, 1973:173). That failure to observe the ritual was believed to have dire consequences for those responsible may have influenced activities at Milparinka. The second practice, which it was thought may reflect in the archaeological record, is the provision of food at a domestic shrine. This ritual involves the preparation of food of the highest quality, which is offered to the spirits of a person's ancestors in vessels of high quality on the anniversary of their death (personal communication Sue Tan, 1994). Ahern (1967:167) does not refer to such a rigid observance, suggesting that the food offered would simply be that normally eaten by the family, perhaps with a higher proportion of meats and delicacies. But more importantly, Ahern suggests that the obligation of worship at a domestic shrine is not limited to direct descendants. An obligation could be imposed by the inheritance of land from a non-relative, or through the receipt of the produce of land once belonging to a dead person (Ahern, 1973: 153). Thus the Chinese at Milparinka may have been obliged to offer ritual sustenance at a domestic shrine to the spirits of their deceased companions, as well as observing the annual grave-cleaning ceremony. The sites were also compared with each other in an attempt to identify an occupation chronology, a sequence of abandonment, and evidence of acculturation.
8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of Chinese Sites Reference was made to reports which resulted from work on Chinese sites in New Zealand (Ritchie 1986), Oregon (Fagan in Wegars 1993), at Pine Creek (McCarthy 1986) and at Atherton (Grimwade 1987) for broad characteristics of the artefact assemblage found at comparable sites. In each instance the assemblage included both European and Chinese material, but the frequency of occurrence of specific categories varied from site to site. With the exception of Atherton, where the report referred to a temple site, Chinese medicine vials, '!i' or 'cash', and opium-related items were included in each assemblage. Atherton (circa 1885 to circa 1920, but with remnant occupancies to 1950s) high rainfall, strongly acid soils Beer, whisky and schnapps bottles, few Chinese Ng Ka Py bottles Chinese medicines (Chinese) pale blue or celadon glazed bowls dishes teacups and wine cups Chinese ceramic spoons Pine Creek (circa 1877 to circa 1910) low rainfall- soils not classified Beer, whisky, gin, schnapps, pickle bottles Chinese medicine vials European medicines (patent medicines) (Chinese) celadon, polychrome and cobalt-underglaze bowls, plates, teacups and wine cups. Chinese ceramic spoons Ng Ka Py bottles Central Otago, New Zealand (circa 1866 to circa 1910) Beer, whisky, brandy, gin, schnapps, sauce, pickle, vinegar, essence, jam etc. bottles, Ng Ka Py bottles Chinese medicine vials Chinese and European ceramics Chinese and European table utensils Oregon, United States (1876-1930) various European ("American") alcoholic beverage bottle Chinese alcohol bottles Chinese medicine vials Chinese celadon and other ceramic bowls, plates, cups etc. Few non-Chinese tablewares General comments regarding the assemblage at Pine Creek and in New Zealand were also extracted. These were as follows: Alcoholic beverage bottles comprised over 55% of the sample from Pine Creek, but the number of bottles which related to European foodstuffs such as pickles, and Worcestershire sauce was low. The European
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THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
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• for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
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8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
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PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
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43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
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Note regarding expression of curren
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European expansion along the Darlin
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source of supply for Milparinka dur
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1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
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Additional help is sought as requir
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approached by them - 'During the at
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PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
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here also is to be seen indications
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2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
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people from a variety of cultural b
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Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
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Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
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migrant's loyalties to family proba
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3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
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Considerable attention was given in
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the vicinity of the town even thoug
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it may also be that they simply cho
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of five had been elected 'to canvas
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Sources located during my research
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the high cost of transporting mater
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conditions.. .' However, the Austra
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Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
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But everyone did not live around Ch
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In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
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Loftus Street just opposite the sto
Page 66 and 67: 1884, the adjoining block (Section
Page 68 and 69: All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
Page 70 and 71: Just over five years before the pur
Page 72 and 73: hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
Page 74 and 75: twenty head impounded, seven of whi
Page 76 and 77: 5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
Page 78 and 79: 5.5 Small Business During the perio
Page 80 and 81: comment now made was directed at th
Page 82 and 83: 5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
Page 84 and 85: The community at Tibooburra were th
Page 86 and 87: on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
Page 88 and 89: PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
Page 91 and 92: water for washing. Last two week. W
Page 93: A further gap exists in the chronol
Page 96 and 97: plaintiff ask for the three pounds
Page 98 and 99: Chinese. The woman comes backwards
Page 100 and 101: Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
Page 102 and 103: temporary dwellings, comprised of "
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107: 7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
Page 108 and 109: 7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
Page 110 and 111: ecord, and of stone foundations in
Page 112 and 113: Chinese assemblages studied by othe
Page 115: TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
Page 119: six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
Page 122 and 123: transported away from the main area
Page 124 and 125: encountered on hollowwares from bot
Page 126 and 127: Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
Page 128 and 129: All three coins were minted prior t
Page 130 and 131: describe them as opium-tincture via
Page 132 and 133: circular open-topped corrugated iro
Page 134 and 135: have resided in the vicinity. A det
Page 136 and 137: Some reasonably straightforward tes
Page 138 and 139: inside rim is also decorated, in th
Page 140 and 141: Examination of glaze variations sug
Page 142 and 143: Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
Page 144 and 145: panel, between which three to five
Page 146 and 147: PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
Page 148 and 149: existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151: 9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
Page 152 and 153: associated with the actual well, al
Page 154 and 155: The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
Page 156 and 157: China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
Page 158 and 159: existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161: Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163: CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165: NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
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TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
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Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
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Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
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in their hurry at crossing, and bei
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attempt at concealment of them, but
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Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
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Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
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Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
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237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
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Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
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there is no record as to when his b
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A endix E Small business, services
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Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
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Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
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G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
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Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
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Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
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Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
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BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
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APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
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APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
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Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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