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Note regarding expression of currency amounts No attempt has been made to convert fines, debts, purchase prices etc. which were expressed in the historical records as Australian Pounds to Australian decimal currency equivalents. To do so would be meaningless. However, for clarification: - One Australian Pound (£1) became Two Australian Dollars in May 1966, One Shilling (expressed as 1/- or 1s) became Ten Cents. There is no direct conversion between Pence and Cents, except that Sixpence (6d) became Five Cents. The amount of a fine recorded as "£3 Ss Od" is a fine of Three Pounds Five Shillings. An amount expressed as "5/-" is Five Shillings. An amount expressed as "5/6" is Five Shillings and Sixpence. Similarly "5/10" is Five Shillings and Ten Pence; "1Od" represents Ten Pence.
II PART 1· RESEARCH AREA AND STRATEGY Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The historical records of a community tend primarily to illuminate the lifestyle of those groups more highly placed in the socio-economic heirachy. At Milparinka the majority of the residents were rather impecunious, and the occupations followed by them, with a few exceptions, did not provide them with any appreciable social status. As a result scant historical record would normally be created of their lifestyle, their ecology or their passing. Milparinka was, however, fortunate to have for a few years a local newspaper of a quite unexpected calibre. The information it provides, together with the official records created by Government officers and information gleaned from a number of other sources, has been sufficient to provide some insight into everyday life in the European community. There were, however, other groups present - the Chinese, the 'Afghans' and the Australian Aborigines, who are barely visible in the historical record. This study considers the role of but one of the three - the Chinese at Milparinka. The role of the Aborigines has not been given close attention although they were present on the periphery of the European community throughout the period under consideration. Similarly, the role played by the 'Afghans' in the provision of transportation, and, in later years, in connection with hawking has not been considered in detail. In both instances I have reasoned that a study of the Chinese community at Milparinka, when coupled with the relationships between them and the European community, is sufficient challenge. However, from the outset I considered a thorough appreciation of the specific European community involved to be essential to understanding the role of the Chinese. To facilitate such an appreciation I developed a broad history of European expansion into the far west of New South Wales, touching upon initial exploration, pastoral expansion, Darling River navigation and the township of Wilcannia. Each aspect demonstrates the marginality of the community at Milparinka, and perhaps suggests a reason why its long term survival was unlikely. Milparinka itself, and the people who lived there, have been subjected to quite extensive research. The outcome is the image of a struggling community on the frontier of European settlement, plagued by a chronic shortage of water and intense internal frictions. That the Chinese controlled a significant proportion of the water resources and held a monopoly over the production of fruit and vegetables did not help the situation, but as I have attempted to demonstrate, the community had problems which went beyond those restrictions. Within the same framework I have considered the history of the Chinese. The Chinese were present throughout all but the exploratory phases of
Page 1 and 2: THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
Page 3 and 4: • for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
Page 10 and 11: 8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
Page 12 and 13: PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
Page 14 and 15: 43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
Page 18 and 19: European expansion along the Darlin
Page 20 and 21: source of supply for Milparinka dur
Page 22 and 23: 1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
Page 24 and 25: Additional help is sought as requir
Page 26 and 27: approached by them - 'During the at
Page 28 and 29: PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
Page 30 and 31: here also is to be seen indications
Page 32 and 33: 2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
Page 34 and 35: people from a variety of cultural b
Page 36 and 37: Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
Page 40 and 41: migrant's loyalties to family proba
Page 42 and 43: 3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
Page 44 and 45: Considerable attention was given in
Page 46 and 47: the vicinity of the town even thoug
Page 48 and 49: it may also be that they simply cho
Page 50 and 51: of five had been elected 'to canvas
Page 52 and 53: Sources located during my research
Page 54 and 55: the high cost of transporting mater
Page 56 and 57: conditions.. .' However, the Austra
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
Page 60 and 61: But everyone did not live around Ch
Page 62 and 63: In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
Page 64 and 65: Loftus Street just opposite the sto
Page 66 and 67:
1884, the adjoining block (Section
Page 68 and 69:
All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
Page 70 and 71:
Just over five years before the pur
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hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
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twenty head impounded, seven of whi
Page 76 and 77:
5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
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5.5 Small Business During the perio
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comment now made was directed at th
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5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
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The community at Tibooburra were th
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on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
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PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
Page 91 and 92:
water for washing. Last two week. W
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A further gap exists in the chronol
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plaintiff ask for the three pounds
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Chinese. The woman comes backwards
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Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
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temporary dwellings, comprised of "
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Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107:
7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
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7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
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ecord, and of stone foundations in
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Chinese assemblages studied by othe
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TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
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8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
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six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
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transported away from the main area
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encountered on hollowwares from bot
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Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
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All three coins were minted prior t
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describe them as opium-tincture via
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circular open-topped corrugated iro
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have resided in the vicinity. A det
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Some reasonably straightforward tes
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inside rim is also decorated, in th
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Examination of glaze variations sug
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Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
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panel, between which three to five
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PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
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existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151:
9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
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associated with the actual well, al
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The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
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China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
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existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161:
Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163:
CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165:
NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
Page 166 and 167:
TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
Page 169 and 170:
Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
Page 172 and 173:
Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
Page 174 and 175:
in their hurry at crossing, and bei
Page 176 and 177:
attempt at concealment of them, but
Page 178 and 179:
Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
Page 180 and 181:
Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
Page 186 and 187:
237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
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Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
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there is no record as to when his b
Page 192:
A endix E Small business, services
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
Page 198 and 199:
Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
Page 200 and 201:
G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
Page 203:
Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
Page 207:
Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
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Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
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Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
Page 214 and 215:
BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
Page 216 and 217:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 218 and 219:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
Page 220 and 221:
APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 222 and 223:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
Page 224 and 225:
Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
Page 227:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 230:
Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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