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G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The evaluation of manufacturing techniques, using dates obtained from a variety of sources, but assuming the original interpretation of the AGM bottles is correct, produced the following broad result: technique entrydste ex/tdste lip or base types nbr of bottles dip body mould 1821 1880 bases 3 7, 13 14 5 paste (turn) mould 1870 1920 bases 1, 2, 10, 11, 16 13 14 15 post-bottom mould 1820 1900 bases 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 14 13,14, 18 cup-bottom mould 1820 1900 bases 6, 12, 13, 16, 10 17 hinge-bottom 1750 1880 baseS 3 mould lettered base 1850 present bases 3,5,9,12,13,16 7 panels sand-tipped pontil 1800 present bases 6, 10, 11, 16, 14 17 bare iron pontil 1845 1880 base 14 1 applied ring 1840 1913 lips 3, 8, 10, 11 7 applied lip 1850 1913 lips 1, 2, 4,5,6,7,9, 17 12 13 semi-automatic 1881 1913 base 8 2 machine automatic machine 1903 present base 9 2 auto machinesemi-automachineapplied Hp applied ring neck barH'on ponlil mark sand.pontIl mark • IeIIering on base hinge-bolIom mould cupobollom mould polIt-boIlom mould paste (turn) mould dip body mould Bottle Characteristics 0 5 10 15 20 number of occurences
Significant features of the bottle assemblage are: • the prominence of applied lip and applied ring neck treatments, and the presence of sand pontil marks which mayor may not be associated with the application of the neck and lip parts. • the frequency with which paste turn-mould, post-bottom and cupbottom moulds occur in the assemblage of bottle bases. • the relative infrequency of bare-iron pontils, semi-automatic and automatic bottle machines. The most frequently occurring features could be expected to be found on bottles manufactured between 1820 and 1920. Very few of the bottles appear to have been manufactured much later than the end of the First World War, while analysis of bottle lips suggests this date might be further refined to 1913. Paste moulded bottles and the various post-moulds with embossed lettering point to dates of manufacture subsequent to 1850. The analysis of bottle parts thus confirms most were made either prior to or around the time that the sites were occupied by the Chinese gardeners. The absence of more recent bottles at Chinaman's Garden Well, and, with some explainable exceptions, at Chinaman's Well tends to confirm that artefact assemblages from the sites do not include material from disassociated periods. But having established with reasonable certainty the date of the bottles included in the assemblage, it is necessary to consider another factor before continuing with the assertion that the bottle glass was deposited at the sites during the Chinese occupation. This is the observation that a proportion of the glass has been flaked, suggesting that it was reused by Australian Aborigines. That the number of neck and base pieces is disproportionate to the volume of glass from the walls of bottles may be a product of visibility, but may also be a product of the importation of bottle bases and lips for rework. If so some of the glass may have come from station refuse dumps. That at Mount Poole, for example would perhaps date from the early 1860s. Countering this is the close association between the bottle fragments and other surface artefacts such as opium tins and Chinese ceramics. Persons more qualified than I may be willing to suggest there was a close association between the Chinese at Milparinka and at least some Australian Aborigines, which would explain quite satisfactorily the proximity of the finds. On a more general note, the analysis of bottles from Milparinka may demonstrate that obsolescence of a manufacturing technique in Europe or America does not necessarily mean it was totally abandoned in Australia, or that bottle importers and manufacturers in Australia tended to hold large stocks of bottles and to have a much longer phasing-out period. The smaller overall market size, its sparse distribution, and distance from major competitors, may all have impacted upon the bottle stocks held and the adoption of replacement techniques by Australian bottle manufacturers.
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THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
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• for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
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8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
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PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
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43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
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Note regarding expression of curren
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European expansion along the Darlin
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source of supply for Milparinka dur
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1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
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Additional help is sought as requir
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approached by them - 'During the at
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PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
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here also is to be seen indications
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2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
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people from a variety of cultural b
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Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
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Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
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migrant's loyalties to family proba
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3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
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Considerable attention was given in
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the vicinity of the town even thoug
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it may also be that they simply cho
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of five had been elected 'to canvas
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Sources located during my research
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the high cost of transporting mater
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conditions.. .' However, the Austra
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Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
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But everyone did not live around Ch
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In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
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Loftus Street just opposite the sto
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1884, the adjoining block (Section
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All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
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Just over five years before the pur
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hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
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twenty head impounded, seven of whi
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5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
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5.5 Small Business During the perio
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comment now made was directed at th
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5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
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The community at Tibooburra were th
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on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
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PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
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water for washing. Last two week. W
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A further gap exists in the chronol
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plaintiff ask for the three pounds
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Chinese. The woman comes backwards
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Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
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temporary dwellings, comprised of "
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Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
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7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
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7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
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ecord, and of stone foundations in
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Chinese assemblages studied by othe
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TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
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8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
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six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
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transported away from the main area
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encountered on hollowwares from bot
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Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
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All three coins were minted prior t
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describe them as opium-tincture via
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circular open-topped corrugated iro
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have resided in the vicinity. A det
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Some reasonably straightforward tes
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inside rim is also decorated, in th
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Examination of glaze variations sug
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Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
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panel, between which three to five
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PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
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existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151: 9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
Page 152 and 153: associated with the actual well, al
Page 154 and 155: The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
Page 156 and 157: China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
Page 158 and 159: existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161: Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163: CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165: NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
Page 166 and 167: TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
Page 169 and 170: Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
Page 172 and 173: Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
Page 174 and 175: in their hurry at crossing, and bei
Page 176 and 177: attempt at concealment of them, but
Page 178 and 179: Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
Page 180 and 181: Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
Page 182 and 183: Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
Page 186 and 187: 237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
Page 188 and 189: Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
Page 190 and 191: there is no record as to when his b
Page 192: A endix E Small business, services
Page 196 and 197: Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
Page 198 and 199: Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
Page 203: Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
Page 207: Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
Page 210 and 211: Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
Page 212 and 213: Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
Page 214 and 215: BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
Page 216 and 217: APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 218 and 219: Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
Page 220 and 221: APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 222 and 223: Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
Page 224 and 225: Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
Page 227: APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 230: Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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