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people from a variety of cultural backgrounds in addition to the Australian Aborigines and that of various European nations. The routes used by travellers generally followed those established by explorers such as Charles Sturt. Variations to the route were the result of supplemental intelligence gathered by the prospecting parties. Thus travellers heading for Coopers Creek generally followed the Darling River to Laidley's Ponds and then to the outskirts of Mount Murchison Station, before intercepting Sturt's route further west, following this via Sturt's old camps to Coopers Creek. Woore noted it was still possible to identify the tracks made by Burke and Wills in 1860 and by Sturt fifteen years earlier at the time of his initial survey of runs in the early 1860s. He also noted that the boat taken by Sturt to Depot Glen was suspended in the branches of a tree a little below the Depot Glen camp, perhaps deposited there during the floods which coincided with Sturt's departure from the site. Shaw (1965:16,33) states that hotels existed on the Darling River at Laidley's Ponds in 1859, and at Wilcannia in 1865. Woore, however, mentions "Malpas's Parro Inn", the location of which has not been determined, but otherwise makes no mention of 'shanties' or wayside inns away from the river frontage. Wilcannia became a major centre for the river trade, and banks, large stores, and the suppliers of a great variety of goods and services were established in the town. The first current account Ledger of The Australasian Joint Stock Bank (WBC1), which opened in Wilcannia in 1874, records transactions with hotel keepers, storekeepers, labourers, hawkers, teamsters, tanksinkers, and a washerwoman. The names recorded suggest a variety of nationalities and cultures may have been present, including American Negro wharf labourers and Chinese gardeners, wool scour labourers, station workers and cooks. Similarly the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, opening its doors at Wilcannia in 1874 included in its customers woolscourers, commission agents, storekeepers, chemists and the local newspaper proprietor (NAB2). The 'Commercial' does not appear to have attracted Chinese custom, but when the Bank of New South Wales (the 'Wales') opened in 1881, its' ledgers (WBC2) suggest Chinese customers included a barber, a storekeeper and a baker. The Chinese were also mentioned occasionally in The Wilcannia Times which commenced publication on January 2, 1879. The first reference is to John John, Chinaman hairdresser(Wilcannia Times, 2 January 1879), and on Thursday October 14, 1880 Charlie Bow is mentioned as having appeared in the Small Debts Court at Wilcannia. The debt was for goods sold and delivered by J. Sheahan to the value of £4/6/9. Charlie Bow had an account with the Australian Joint Stock ('AJS') Bank, where his occupation was recorded as Chinaman Labourer. John John, a Chinese Gardener in business with a partner called Tommy, also banked with the AJS Bank.
Service establishments spread in a radial pattern around Wilcannia to intercept potential customers as they travelled between the town and the pastoral stations. Bank records indicate that within ten to fifteen years of Woore's 1868 surveys 'grog shanties', 'wayside inns' or 'hotels' became established. The records of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (N.A.B.2) indicate the existence of these at locations west of the Darling River as follows: Hungerford,Paroo River Tilpa, Darling River Dry lake Kallara (store) Kallara Tankerooka Thakaringa Wanaaring, Paroo River Weelong Stony Point Paroo Coopers Creek (Store) Gnalta Kallara Kircumbra Wanaaring Nine Mile Yandarlo (Store) I.S.Cook & I.Foster) (J. Buckley) (G. T. Smith) (A.D. Cotton) (J. luffmann) (R.I.P.O'Connor) (J. Stokie) (J.Barker & W.Barton) (B.Clements) (D. Dewhurst) (J.B.GiII) (G. C. Hamilton) (J.Patterson) (Morrison Bros) (George Hunt) (Vickery & Coy) (Ellen Ryan) (J.Martyre) 1876 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1880 1880 No attempt has been made to plot the location of all the abovementioned stores and hotels. However, the general location of many can be determined from an examination of place and station names which appear on maps 3 and 5. Australian Joint Stock Bank records suggest another store or hotel had been established at Nocolitche, on the Paroo River (Ethelred W. Bridge), and newspaper sources suggest the existence of a hotel at Thargomindah, also on the Paroo River, owned by a Chinese who advertised the "All Nations Hotel, Thargomindah, Hoo Sing, Proprietor" (The Wilcannia Times of 2 January 1879). Finally, by late 1880 or early 1881 an hotel was established in the vicinity of Milparinka. This was built by 'Mr. McBryde of Mount Poole Station for the benefit of travellers' (Sturt Recorder, 10 January 1896:3). 2.2.5 Mineral Discoveries By the mid-1870s a number of mining ventures had also been established west of the Darling River. The ledgers of the Australian Joint Stock Bank at
Page 1 and 2: THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
Page 3 and 4: • for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
Page 10 and 11: 8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
Page 12 and 13: PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
Page 14 and 15: 43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
Page 16 and 17: Note regarding expression of curren
Page 18 and 19: European expansion along the Darlin
Page 20 and 21: source of supply for Milparinka dur
Page 22 and 23: 1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
Page 24 and 25: Additional help is sought as requir
Page 26 and 27: approached by them - 'During the at
Page 28 and 29: PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
Page 30 and 31: here also is to be seen indications
Page 32 and 33: 2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
Page 36 and 37: Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
Page 40 and 41: migrant's loyalties to family proba
Page 42 and 43: 3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
Page 44 and 45: Considerable attention was given in
Page 46 and 47: the vicinity of the town even thoug
Page 48 and 49: it may also be that they simply cho
Page 50 and 51: of five had been elected 'to canvas
Page 52 and 53: Sources located during my research
Page 54 and 55: the high cost of transporting mater
Page 56 and 57: conditions.. .' However, the Austra
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
Page 60 and 61: But everyone did not live around Ch
Page 62 and 63: In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
Page 64 and 65: Loftus Street just opposite the sto
Page 66 and 67: 1884, the adjoining block (Section
Page 68 and 69: All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
Page 70 and 71: Just over five years before the pur
Page 72 and 73: hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
Page 74 and 75: twenty head impounded, seven of whi
Page 76 and 77: 5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
Page 78 and 79: 5.5 Small Business During the perio
Page 80 and 81: comment now made was directed at th
Page 82 and 83: 5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
Page 84 and 85:
The community at Tibooburra were th
Page 86 and 87:
on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
Page 88 and 89:
PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
Page 91 and 92:
water for washing. Last two week. W
Page 93:
A further gap exists in the chronol
Page 96 and 97:
plaintiff ask for the three pounds
Page 98 and 99:
Chinese. The woman comes backwards
Page 100 and 101:
Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
Page 102 and 103:
temporary dwellings, comprised of "
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107:
7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
Page 108 and 109:
7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
Page 110 and 111:
ecord, and of stone foundations in
Page 112 and 113:
Chinese assemblages studied by othe
Page 115 and 116:
TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
Page 117 and 118:
8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
Page 119:
six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
Page 122 and 123:
transported away from the main area
Page 124 and 125:
encountered on hollowwares from bot
Page 126 and 127:
Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
Page 128 and 129:
All three coins were minted prior t
Page 130 and 131:
describe them as opium-tincture via
Page 132 and 133:
circular open-topped corrugated iro
Page 134 and 135:
have resided in the vicinity. A det
Page 136 and 137:
Some reasonably straightforward tes
Page 138 and 139:
inside rim is also decorated, in th
Page 140 and 141:
Examination of glaze variations sug
Page 142 and 143:
Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
Page 144 and 145:
panel, between which three to five
Page 146 and 147:
PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
Page 148 and 149:
existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151:
9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
Page 152 and 153:
associated with the actual well, al
Page 154 and 155:
The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
Page 156 and 157:
China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
Page 158 and 159:
existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161:
Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163:
CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165:
NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
Page 166 and 167:
TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
Page 169 and 170:
Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
Page 172 and 173:
Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
Page 174 and 175:
in their hurry at crossing, and bei
Page 176 and 177:
attempt at concealment of them, but
Page 178 and 179:
Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
Page 180 and 181:
Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
Page 186 and 187:
237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
Page 188 and 189:
Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
Page 190 and 191:
there is no record as to when his b
Page 192:
A endix E Small business, services
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
Page 198 and 199:
Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
Page 200 and 201:
G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
Page 203:
Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
Page 207:
Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
Page 210 and 211:
Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
Page 212 and 213:
Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
Page 214 and 215:
BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
Page 216 and 217:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 218 and 219:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
Page 220 and 221:
APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 222 and 223:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
Page 224 and 225:
Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
Page 227:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 230:
Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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