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But everyone did not live around Chinaman's Well, and the Mount Browne boom was quite a way from Tibooburra. In fact very few people lived at Chinaman's Well, and those who did were probably Chinese rather than the European diggers. Kidman did have significant involvement with both Tibooburra and Milparinka in later years and at one stage was the owner of the pastoral lease upon which Chinaman's Well is located. By that time the Chinese had probably been forced to abandon the site as the well was an integral part of Mount Poole Station. I will discuss later the possibility of a number of structures at Chinaman's Well, at which time some reasons for the statement attributed to Kidman may become apparent. Meanwhile, if as Bowen suggests, Kidman recognised 'the benefits of getting in early on any new burst of activity in the outback' (Bowen, 1987:35) he was probably an early storekeeper at Milparinka. Additional evidence for this proposition is put forward at paragraph 5.3. Turning to a more general comment on the ownership of stores at Milparinka, the results of my research suggest independent storekeepers at Milparinka may have operated under the name of their principal supplier, giving the impression that the business was a branch of an organisation well established elsewhere when in fact the relationship was something less. This would explain discrepancies in the chronology of Cramsie Bowden and Woodfa 11, and of W. C. Palmer & Co. These firms, and their successors, represent two of the four stores identified as having operated in the town. Current oral history has suggested a quite large township at Milparinka, with seven thousand persons being proposed as the number of inhabitants. The outcome of my research suggests a peak popUlation of seven or eight hundred persons for a two week period in 1881, and a peak population for the whole goldfield of three thousand persons. For most of its history Milparinka had perhaps one hundred or one hundred and fifty residents, and the number of business enterprises identified is supportive of such a number. 5.1.2 Cramsie Bowden and WoodfalllThomas Wakefield Chambers Early in 1881 The Wilcannia Times reported that Messrs Cramsie Bowden and Woodfall, general storekeepers of Wilcannia, had engaged Thomas Wakefield Chambers as manager for the firm (Wilcannia Times, February 24,1881). Mr. Chambers had been secretary of the Deniliquin & Moama Railway Company. At much the same time Murphy (nd:63) indicates that 'Cramsie Bowden' established a two-roomed iron store at Milparinka. Other records suggest the store was present prior to June 1881, and Post Office records (NSWP02) state that a branch of the store, managed by Alfred Aldworth, operated at Milparinka in January 1882. In 1883 the composition of Cramsie Bowden and Woodfall at Wilcannia changed and Thomas Wakefield Chambers became a partner in the firm's successor, Woodfall Swanson and Chambers.(NAB2). Chambers was
described by his bank manager as very shrewd and trusted in business (NAB3,Folio 245, 20 August 1883). But during 1883 and 1884 the levels of the Darling River were too low for paddle-steamers to reach Wilcannia. Woodfall Swanson and Chambers experienced long delays in obtaining delivery of merchandise for which they had already paid and in consequence accumulated large debts. The firm 'made a preliminary assignment of their estate to ... Beath Schiess and Company of Melbourne' in early February 1885 (NAB3, Folio 47, 10 February, 1885), giving as reasons the death of Mr. Swanson and the refusal of Cramsie Bowden & Company, who then had stores at Balranald, Hay and Melbourne, to continue with guarantees of their current liabilities. Woodfall Swanson and Chambers owed the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney more than £18,000/0/0. The fate of Woodfall Swanson and Chambers is a clear demonstration of the relationship between Wilcannia firms and Milparinka, and of the impact which low water in the Darling River had upon the infrastructure of western New South Wales. The firm had invested significant resources in stOCk, presumably on account of the gold discoveries at Mount Browne. Their inability to take delivery destroyed the firm. Although Woodfall Swanson and Chambers did not buy land at Milparinka, Portions 11 to 14, and Section 2 Lot 10 were granted to Alfred Aldworth, the firm's Milparinka manager, on 9 May and 16 October 1884 respectively. These purchases may have been made on behalf of Woodfall Swanson and Chambers. To add to the confusion Section 2 Lot 8 was granted to Cramsie Bowden and Woodfall (the original Wilcannia firm) on March 23, 1885. The purchase post-dates the making of arrangements by Woodfall Swanson and Chambers with Beath Schiess and Company. There is no record of a subsequent transfer of title, but the land became the site of a residence occupied by Thomas Chambers, the site of an office where commonage was paid to Mr. Chambers, and the location of a printing press which is discussed below (Nel Barlow, personal communication, 1988). Another town block, Section 7 Lot 3, was acquired by Thomas Chambers in September 1887 from Samuel Penrose, and transferred to Catherine Penrose, the local midwife, in November 1920. The latter transfer took place subsequent to Mr. Chamber's death in 1918, and a further transfer ('by transmission') was made in 1921, when the land became controlled by Kate Fannie Chambers. Finally in June 1929 a transfer into the name of Evelyn Spencer Smith took place. A house on that block was then occupied by the Smith family, one of whom was Nel Barlow (Nel Barlow, personal communication, 1988). There is no indication that Chambers ever occupied Section 7 Lot 3. Thus his home, and the commercial premises of Cramsie Bowden and Woodfall, were most likely always on Section 2 Lot 8, some distance away.
Page 1 and 2:
THE . BOOKBINDING COMPANY
Page 3 and 4:
• for Thomas Wakefield Chambers,
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many peopl
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RESEARCH A
Page 10 and 11: 8.2 Chinaman's Garden Well 8.1.7g C
Page 12 and 13: PLATES MAPS DESCRIPTIVE STATISITICS
Page 14 and 15: 43a 43b 44 45 46 47a,c 47b 47d 48 4
Page 16 and 17: Note regarding expression of curren
Page 18 and 19: European expansion along the Darlin
Page 20 and 21: source of supply for Milparinka dur
Page 22 and 23: 1.4 Research Site 1.4.1 Location of
Page 24 and 25: Additional help is sought as requir
Page 26 and 27: approached by them - 'During the at
Page 28 and 29: PART2·GENERALBACKGROUND Chapter 2
Page 30 and 31: here also is to be seen indications
Page 32 and 33: 2.2.3 Expansion West of the Darling
Page 34 and 35: people from a variety of cultural b
Page 36 and 37: Wilcannia (WBC.1) dating from this
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3 THE CHINESE IN RURAL AUST
Page 40 and 41: migrant's loyalties to family proba
Page 42 and 43: 3.1.3 Attitudes towards Chinese on
Page 44 and 45: Considerable attention was given in
Page 46 and 47: the vicinity of the town even thoug
Page 48 and 49: it may also be that they simply cho
Page 50 and 51: of five had been elected 'to canvas
Page 52 and 53: Sources located during my research
Page 54 and 55: the high cost of transporting mater
Page 56 and 57: conditions.. .' However, the Austra
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 5 M1LPARINKA TOWNSHIP COMME
Page 62 and 63: In May 1885, Thomas Chambers was ap
Page 64 and 65: Loftus Street just opposite the sto
Page 66 and 67: 1884, the adjoining block (Section
Page 68 and 69: All the Heuzenroder holdings were t
Page 70 and 71: Just over five years before the pur
Page 72 and 73: hotel's survival. Robert Kelly, how
Page 74 and 75: twenty head impounded, seven of whi
Page 76 and 77: 5.3 The Commercial Banking Company
Page 78 and 79: 5.5 Small Business During the perio
Page 80 and 81: comment now made was directed at th
Page 82 and 83: 5.7 Milparinka Public Hall As sugge
Page 84 and 85: The community at Tibooburra were th
Page 86 and 87: on the Sabbath, allowing pigs to wa
Page 88 and 89: PART 4 - THE CHINESE AT MILPARINKA
Page 91 and 92: water for washing. Last two week. W
Page 93: A further gap exists in the chronol
Page 96 and 97: plaintiff ask for the three pounds
Page 98 and 99: Chinese. The woman comes backwards
Page 100 and 101: Little Annie M'Lean, daughter of Mr
Page 102 and 103: temporary dwellings, comprised of "
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 7 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7.0 Int
Page 106 and 107: 7.1.3 Artefact Scatter The followin
Page 108 and 109: 7.1.6 Soil Samples Soil samples obt
Page 110 and 111:
ecord, and of stone foundations in
Page 112 and 113:
Chinese assemblages studied by othe
Page 115 and 116:
TOTAL FINDS In the process of clean
Page 117 and 118:
8.0.2 Cultural Characteristics of C
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six types - 's' hooks, pegs with a
Page 122 and 123:
transported away from the main area
Page 124 and 125:
encountered on hollowwares from bot
Page 126 and 127:
Item 744 A 14mm four-hole brass but
Page 128 and 129:
All three coins were minted prior t
Page 130 and 131:
describe them as opium-tincture via
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circular open-topped corrugated iro
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have resided in the vicinity. A det
Page 136 and 137:
Some reasonably straightforward tes
Page 138 and 139:
inside rim is also decorated, in th
Page 140 and 141:
Examination of glaze variations sug
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Item#Top 26 50 • 72 107 109 229 2
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panel, between which three to five
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PARTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.0 I
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existed were contemporaneous, or th
Page 150 and 151:
9.2.1 Chinaman's Well At Chinaman's
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associated with the actual well, al
Page 154 and 155:
The presence at Chinaman's Garden W
Page 156 and 157:
China. Chinaman's Well and Chinaman
Page 158 and 159:
existed between the Baker family an
Page 160 and 161:
Bibliography AHERN Emily M. 1973 Th
Page 162 and 163:
CUNNINGHAM G.M., MULHAM W.E., MILTH
Page 164 and 165:
NEEDHAM Joseph 1986 Science and Civ
Page 166 and 167:
TRAVERS Robert 1981 Australian Mand
Page 169 and 170:
Aust Post NAB NSWDE NSWLA NSWPD NSW
Page 172 and 173:
Appendix A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS of
Page 174 and 175:
in their hurry at crossing, and bei
Page 176 and 177:
attempt at concealment of them, but
Page 178 and 179:
Another coach, owned by J.A.Scott o
Page 180 and 181:
Western Australia on 7 July 1894 (S
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix C SUMMARY OF LAND DEALINGS
Page 186 and 187:
237 83 8 20 19130526 Roderick Murch
Page 188 and 189:
Appendix E SMALL BUSINESS, EDUCATIO
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there is no record as to when his b
Page 192:
A endix E Small business, services
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix F "Cox's Well" F.O Introdu
Page 198 and 199:
Fifty meters upstream of the chimne
Page 200 and 201:
G.2 Manufacturing Techniques The ev
Page 203:
Tabulated outcome of Bottle Base an
Page 207:
Bottle base variants (sheet 1 of 2)
Page 210 and 211:
Frequency table for: FUNCTION Weigh
Page 212 and 213:
Frequency table for: F-CRAFT Weight
Page 214 and 215:
BOWL-S 197 3.0% FLAT 58 0.9% GLASS
Page 216 and 217:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 218 and 219:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL # of
Page 220 and 221:
APPENDIX H DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 222 and 223:
Frequency table for: F-VESSEL Weigh
Page 224 and 225:
Frequency table for: F-PERSON Weigh
Page 227:
APPENDIX I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS C
Page 230:
Frequency table for: F-HOUSE # ofar
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