Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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Furthermore, the actual possibilities of each source of energy having a share in the evolution of the energy matrix should take into account the mediumterm projections and their more marked positive and negative aspects (Table 2). Table 2. Analysis of the main energy sources in the energy matrix. Fuel Coal Petróleo Gas Advantages • Abundant, economically accessible, safe use • Easy transportation and storage • Widely distributed • Convenient • High energy density· Easy transportation and storage • Co-evolution of the energy source with the equipment required for its use • Efficient and convenient • Multi-use fuel • High energy density 45 Disadvantages • High greenhouse gas emissions • Huge investments needed to develop technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to acceptable levels • Dangerous extraction • Very high level of atmospheric pollution • Volatile prices • Geographic concentration of natural deposits • Product monopoly and maneuverable market • Vulnerability to supply interruption and geopolitical instability • Transportation and storage hazards • Waning reserves • Produces greenhouse gas emissions • Hazardous and expensive transportation and storage • Requires expensive, exclusive and inflexible infrastructure • Volatile prices • Geographically concentrated natural deposits • Product monopoly and maneuverable market To be continued...
Table 2. Continuation. Fuel Nuclear Renewable Advantages • No greenhouse gas emissions • No major resource limitations • High energy density • Low greenhouse gas emissions • Sustainability 46 Disadvantages • Low acceptance by society • No waste disposal solution • Risky and dangerous operation • Very capital intensive • High costs • Intermittent sources • Unequal distribution • Lower technological stage than that of other sources being used On the one hand, there are appropriate technical and economic conditions to enable agroenergy exploitation. On the other, social (employment, income, migration flows) and environmental (climatic changes, pollution) pressures strengthen and consolidate this position and bring the timetable forward. Petroleum demand Scientists had estimated the world petroleum reserves at slightly more than 2.2 trillion barrels at the end of the 19th century, before exploitation began. Today, total world reserves are only 1.137 trillion barrels, of which 78% in OPEC countries (ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES, 2005), which should be sufficient to cover world demand for another 40 years at the present rate of consumption. It is clear that both reserves and consumption will increase during that period. Projecting the numbers of the last 50 years, however, it is estimated that demand will grow 1.5-1.9% p.a., or roughly 120 million barrels per day in 2025, while the rate of growth of the reserves would be more restrained. It should also be noted that net incorporation of proven reserves was only 13% in the last 15 years, i.e., an average .8% increase per annum. In the absence of any drastic changes in the world energy matrix, the decline of the petroleum era is foreseen for the mid 21st century.
Page 1 and 2: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
Page 3 and 4: Translated from the 2nd revised edi
Page 6: Contents Executive Summary ........
Page 9 and 10: the possibility of earmarking new l
Page 11 and 12: systems and the quality of life. Th
Page 13 and 14: solar radiation and plentiful manpo
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
Page 17 and 18: a) Achieving sustainability of the
Page 19 and 20: • Funding sources. The RD&I activ
Page 21 and 22: Cross sectional actions There are d
Page 23 and 24: • Developing technologies to add
Page 25 and 26: of the systems and replacing fossil
Page 27 and 28: • Improving the biodiesel quality
Page 29 and 30: Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
Page 31 and 32: Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34: Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36: International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38: The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 56 and 57: • The growing energy demand and t
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71 and 72: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 73 and 74: uncertainties still remain: the cor
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81 and 82: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 83 and 84: those biodiesel plants has been app
Page 85 and 86: Table 11. Characteristics of oleagi
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89 and 90: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 91 and 92: A useful reference is an Abiove stu
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98:
The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100:
The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102:
sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106:
carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108:
Emission Reduction), a differentiat
Page 109 and 110:
• Direct substitution of fossil f
Page 111 and 112:
SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
Page 113 and 114:
DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
Page 115 and 116:
ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
Page 117 and 118:
Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
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