Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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Figure 11. Biodiesel production by transesterification. that would enable a precise determination of their potential. This will take some time since agricultural research in Brazil, which focuses primarily on the botanical and agronomic cycles, has not yet made much progress. Among the crops available for biodiesel production (Table 11) special mention should be made of soybean, whose oil accounts for 90% of the Brazilian vegetable oil production; African palm, coconut and sunflower, because of their productivity; and castor plants, because of their resistance to draught. The alcohol source for the transesterification process can be methanol (well known and widely used in industry in several countries) or ethanol. In strategic terms, the more advantageous choice for Brazil would be ethanol, which the country produces in large amounts and at a very competitive cost. Methanol, on the other hand, is toxic and has to be imported or produced from natural gas (fossil carbon). 83
Table 11. Characteristics of oleaginous crops in Brazil. Species African palm Coconut Babassu Sunflower Colza/canola Castor beans Peanut Soybean Cotton Oil origin Nut Fruit Nut Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Grain Oil contents (%) 22.0 55.0 – 60.0 66.0 38.0 – 48.0 40.0 – 48.0 45.0 – 50.0 40.0 – 43.0 18.0 15.0 Source: NOGEUIRA, L. A. H. et al. Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. Adapted by DPA/Mapa. Studies carried out by four ministries – Agrarian Development; Agriculture, Livestock and Supply; National Integration; and Cities - show that for each 1% share of the biodiesel market derived from family agriculture it would be possible to generate approximately 45,000 jobs in the hinterlands, at an approximate cost of R$ 4.900,00 each (HOLANDA, 2004). Approximately 180,000 new jobs would be created assuming that each job in the rural areas generates three jobs in the urban areas. Finally, it should also be emphasized that industrial agriculture employs, on average, one worker for every 100 hectares farmed. In family agriculture each worker farms 10 hectares. Almost 220-million reais (R$) per year are necessary for every 1% share in the biodiesel market, with yearly gross revenues of approximately R$ 470 millions. Every real invested in family agriculture yields R$ 2,13 more in the annual gross income. So that the family income would double if family agriculture participated in the biodiesel market. As regards the paths used to produce biodiesel in the Northeast Region and in the State of Minas Gerais, the products of choice would be methyl alcohol and castor oil. In the Center-South, the preferred product would be ethyl alcohol, mainly because its ready availability. In Brazil most of the biodiesel will be produced by transesterification (80%) for a large wholesale market addressing the mixture of biodiesel into petrodiesel, large fleet consumption and consumers interested in increasing the proportion of biodiesel mixed to petrodiesel. The remainder would be obtained by cracking in small remote communities. 84 Harvest (months/year) 12 12 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 Yield (tons of oil/hectare 3.0 – 6.0 1.3 – 1.9 0.1 – 0.3 0.5 – 1.9 0.5 – 0.9 0.5 – 0.9 0.6 – 0.8 0.2 – 0.4 0.1 – 0.2
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
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Translated from the 2nd revised edi
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Contents Executive Summary ........
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the possibility of earmarking new l
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systems and the quality of life. Th
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solar radiation and plentiful manpo
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Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
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a) Achieving sustainability of the
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• Funding sources. The RD&I activ
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Cross sectional actions There are d
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• Developing technologies to add
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of the systems and replacing fossil
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• Improving the biodiesel quality
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Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
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Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34: Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36: International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38: The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the actual possibiliti
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 56 and 57: • The growing energy demand and t
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71 and 72: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 73 and 74: uncertainties still remain: the cor
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81 and 82: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 83: those biodiesel plants has been app
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89 and 90: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 91 and 92: A useful reference is an Abiove stu
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98: The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100: The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102: sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106: carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108: Emission Reduction), a differentiat
Page 109 and 110: • Direct substitution of fossil f
Page 111 and 112: SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
Page 113 and 114: DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
Page 115 and 116: ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
Page 117 and 118: Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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