Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Since we are barely beginning to use this process there is much room for technological improvement before maximizing its efficiency. Brazilian policy makers have identified enormous cogeneration possibilities. The Electric Energy Regulating Agency (Aneel) set up a Convention for the Commercialization of Electric Power (Normative Resolution n° 109, of 26 October 2004), which recognizes self-producers, namely, the holders of a concession, permission or authorization to produce electric power for his/her exclusive use; free consumers, who have chosen to buy electric power; and independent producers, corporations or consortia of companies that hold a concession, permission or authorization to produce electric power and are entitled to sell all or part of the energy produced at their own risk. In addition, the Program of Incentives to Alternative Sources of Electric Power (Proinfa) was created in 2002 and regulated in 2005. Proinfa contemplates the purchase by the National Interlinked System (SIN) of 3,300 MW of energy produced from wind and biomass sources, as well as small hydroelectric power plants (PCH), whereby 1,100 MW come from each source. The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) coordinates the new program. Aneel has authorized cogeneration undertakings of up to 1,376.5 MW, considering only generating plants that use sugarcane bagasse (1,198.2 MW), wood residues (41.2 MW), biogas or landfill gas (20 MW), and black liquor (117.1 MW). Three new power plants have gone into commercial operation this year, all of which use sugarcane bagasse. They have added 59.44 MW to the national electric power matrix. As an alternative to cogeneration, bagasse has other applications in addition to the mills and distilleries. It is used to add volume to animal feeds, to manufacture paper and structural building elements and even in the production of additional fuel alcohol through hydrolysis. In fact, technologies to produce ethanol from bagasse hydrolysis are being developed and could be commercially available in 10 to 15 years. Therefore, the opportunity cost of bagasse use has become important because of the many alternatives available. As regards vinasse, the residue from alcohol production in distilleries, it can be used as energy source after anaerobic biodigestion and biogas production. At present the vinasse goes back to sugarcane plantations as liquid fertilizer. The caloric power of this biogas is estimated at 21.32 J/m3 . For many years gas production from vinasse biodigestion has been the object of numerous studies and efforts to make it commercially viable. Only recently has interest in using biogas to generate electric power been awakened. The technology has become sufficiently mature in demonstration scale, but some 71
uncertainties still remain: the corrosive effects of biogas on auxiliary equipment and motogenerators and the stability of biodigestion vis-à-vis the fluctuations in the quantity and quality of the vinasse to be processed. These potential problems could have negative impacts on the future commercialization of the technology, and the problems can only be evaluated and solved after some units start operations. There are numerous electric power plants in developed countries that run on biogas produced through the bio-anaerobic digestion of other substrates, such as industrial effluents and animal wastes. The operational experience of those power plants should be used to improve the technical and economic reliability of future power plants fueled by biogas from vinasse. It would be convenient, therefore, to set up some pilot units before going into industrial scale production and provide R&D adequate funds to analyze said units from the technical and economic viewpoints. Because of the potential to generate surplus power, estimated at 3.6 TWh/year12 in that stage, it would be advisable to introduce the vinasse biodigestion technology and the use of biogas in electric power generators at the commercial level, albeit cautiously. If the sugar & alcohol activities grow markedly in the next few years as predicted, the electric power generation potential could attain average values of 16 – 21GW by 2025. Nevertheless, this effective economically viable power, which already falls below 65% of the theoretical power, is produced by only a few power plants. In the other units being set up or enlarged, ongoing investments contemplate the adoption of less efficient technological solutions, which will limit the effective additional power to 0.5 – 2 GW in the next five years, even after expanding the sugarcane production. More advanced technology configurations could increase the effective surplus power to 3 – 6.4GW by 2010, of which 1.7 GW to 3.8 GW would be economically viable. In order to make full use of the cogeneration opportunities it would be necessary to replace the main existing power equipment, install it in new plants and enlarge others. Yet this would mean even larger investments than those being made by most companies and businessmen in the energy sector. For the picture to evolve favorably it is essential to define immediately the strategy required to make this power generation effectively viable. 12 Considering an energy yield of 20 kWh/ton of sugarcane and a volume of 180-million tons of sugarcane earmarked for alcohol production. 72
Page 1 and 2:
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
Page 3 and 4:
Translated from the 2nd revised edi
Page 6:
Contents Executive Summary ........
Page 9 and 10:
the possibility of earmarking new l
Page 11 and 12:
systems and the quality of life. Th
Page 13 and 14:
solar radiation and plentiful manpo
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
Page 17 and 18:
a) Achieving sustainability of the
Page 19 and 20:
• Funding sources. The RD&I activ
Page 21 and 22: Cross sectional actions There are d
Page 23 and 24: • Developing technologies to add
Page 25 and 26: of the systems and replacing fossil
Page 27 and 28: • Improving the biodiesel quality
Page 29 and 30: Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
Page 31 and 32: Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34: Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36: International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38: The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the actual possibiliti
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 56 and 57: • The growing energy demand and t
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81 and 82: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 83 and 84: those biodiesel plants has been app
Page 85 and 86: Table 11. Characteristics of oleagi
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89 and 90: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 91 and 92: A useful reference is an Abiove stu
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98: The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100: The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102: sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106: carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108: Emission Reduction), a differentiat
Page 109 and 110: • Direct substitution of fossil f
Page 111 and 112: SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
Page 113 and 114: DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
Page 115 and 116: ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
Page 117 and 118: Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
show all

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?