Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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Biodiesel The use of oleaginous plants for energy purposes was first proposed in Brazil in 1975. The proposal resulted in the Plan for the Production of Vegetable Oils for Energy Purposes (Pró-Óleo). Its objective was to generate vegetable oil surpluses in order to make its production costs competitive vis-à-vis petroleum's. The Plan contemplated mixing 30% of vegetable oil to diesel oil, with the possibility of completely replacing diesel with vegetable oil. The greatest challenge at present is to meet the goals established in the National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use, as set forth in Law n° 11.097 of 13 January 2005, which introduces biodiesel into the Brazilian Energy Matrix and determines that the diesel oil sold to final consumers throughout the national territory must be at least 2% (B2) biodiesel by 200823 and 5% (B5) by 2013. The current national biodiesel production structure is still incipient and mainly based on experience with pilot plants, which means rather small final volumes. The ANP calculates that Brazil produced approximately 736,100 liters of biodiesel from March to December 2005. Nevertheless, the first auction for the delivery of 70-million liters beginning in January 2006 altered the development pattern of the market. Table 10 shows the estimated national biodiesel production for 2006 and 2007. It will be necessary to produce approximately 800-million liters of biodiesel in 2008, during the initial phase of the program, in order to meet the legal requirements. The National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP) is currently analyzing several authorization requests and after the operation of Table 10. Brazilian biodiesel production. Type of undertaking Units installed and operational (5) Units installed not yet authorized (14) Extension of installed units (5) Projects in the design stage (16) Total (million liters) Source: ANP and MME. 23 The deadline for adding 2% biodiesel to diesel oil from petroleum and the compulsory purchase of biodiesel with a social stamp have in fact been brought forward to January 2006. 81 Production capacity estimated 2006 48.10 125.60 146.80 380.00 700.50 2007 48.10 125.60 146.80 811.00 1,131.50
those biodiesel plants has been approved the country's production capacity will be sufficient to meet the 2008 goals, but would have to be significantly increased in order to meet the legal requirement of adding 5% biodiesel to petrodiesel by 2013. Production and technology Biodiesel research has made considerable progress in the last 20 years. In addition to testing different types of motors several pilot plants were built in various cities. After a purely experimental phase biodiesel is finally being sold. The technological processes developed enable the production of biodiesel from new and residual vegetable oils, animal fats and fatty acids obtained during the vegetable oil refining process. Esterification is the name of the chemical reaction through which esters (biodiesel) are obtained from alcohols and free fatty acids or their byproducts. Transesterification consists of a chemical reaction of triglycerides (vegetable oils or animal fats in which the fatty acids form esters with glycerol) with alcohols (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst (acid, base or enzyme) that results in the substitution of the ester group in the glycerol with an ethanol or methanol group (Figure 11). The glycerin obtained after purification is a valuable byproduct of the reaction and its sale increases the total economic yield of the process. An alternative to transesterification is catalytic or thermal cracking, whereby the molecules are broken down at very high temperatures to form a mixture of chemicals whose properties are very similar to those of petrodiesel. A tropical country of continental dimension, Brazil can produce vegetable oils from a variety of raw materials. Consequently, it can also structure its biodiesel production and use program in several ways. The challenge is to take advantage of the potential of the different regions of the country and derive the greatest possible social benefit from biodiesel production by applying advanced technology not only to traditional crops, such as soybean, peanuts, sunflower, castor beans, and African palm fruits, but also to new cultures, such as physic nut (Jatropha curcas), radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg), pequi or Souari nut (Caryocar brasiliense), buriti or aguaje palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.), macaúba or grugru palm (Acronomia aculeate) and a large variety of oleaginous plants still to be explored. Although some native plants have shown good results in the laboratory their production is purely extractivist, and there are no commercial plantations 82
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
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Translated from the 2nd revised edi
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Contents Executive Summary ........
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the possibility of earmarking new l
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systems and the quality of life. Th
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solar radiation and plentiful manpo
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Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
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a) Achieving sustainability of the
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• Funding sources. The RD&I activ
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Cross sectional actions There are d
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• Developing technologies to add
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of the systems and replacing fossil
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• Improving the biodiesel quality
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Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
Page 31 and 32: Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34: Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36: International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38: The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the actual possibiliti
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 56 and 57: • The growing energy demand and t
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71 and 72: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 73 and 74: uncertainties still remain: the cor
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 85 and 86: Table 11. Characteristics of oleagi
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89 and 90: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 91 and 92: A useful reference is an Abiove stu
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98: The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100: The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102: sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106: carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108: Emission Reduction), a differentiat
Page 109 and 110: • Direct substitution of fossil f
Page 111 and 112: SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
Page 113 and 114: DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
Page 115 and 116: ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
Page 117 and 118: Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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