Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The biodiesel production capacity in the Center-South is estimated at 835.2-million liters p.a. by the end of 2007. At the present time there is only one plant in operation in the region, in the State of Minas Gerais, with capacity to produce 12-million liters per year. Nevertheless, the biodiesel production should grow rapidly to approximately 125-million liters p.a., since another 13 units have already been built, albeit not yet commissioned. There are also several other new plants or plant expansion projects underway, whose production will total 698.2-million liters by the end of 2007 according to the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The region has very good potential to produce biodiesel from other crops, such as peanuts, sunflower and castor beans. The experiments with castor plants in the State of Mato Grosso and the research on the crop at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas have had very satisfactory outcomes, especially with the so-called dwarf varieties, which not only are very productive in the field (up to 4 tons of castor beans per hectare), but also enable the use of mechanical harvesters. In the Center-South as a whole and particularly in the states located in the Center-West Region, large extensions of farmable land with appropriate topography and optimum climatic regularity are still available. This means that if biodiesel becomes the new business opportunity in Brazilian agriculture, the Center-South, which already accounts for almost 80% of the national fuel consumption, would have perfect conditions to expand its production base very rapidly, as in the case of fuel alcohol. Competitiveness of soybean for biodiesel A comparative study of petroleum and soybean oil prices shows that the average price of refined soybean oil has been US$ 69.00/barrel during the last 15 years (Figure 12), which includes refining, domestic freights and other commercialization costs. A US$ 10.00 discount is considered reasonable to account for the various elements that make up the price of eatable soybean oil, as opposed to soybean oil for energy purposes, in addition to the cost of obtaining biodiesel. Thus, biodiesel becomes competitive when the cost of petroleum is US$ 60.00 per barrel, given the current conditions of technological development, managerial capacity, production scale, market size, industrial plants, capital costs, taxes, and fixed costs, among others. A consideration of the ethanol learning curve for the last 30 years leads us to conclude that this cost could be substantially reduced in the medium term. 89
A useful reference is an Abiove study that points to an internalized value for soybean biodiesel (before taxes) of US$ 1.00/liter as compared to US$ 0.97 for petrodiesel. The competitive break-even price for soybean biodiesel is attained when the international market quote for soybean oil is less than US$ 480.00/ton, as in the 2005 harvest, or R$ 1.20/liter at the rate of exchange on 21 July 2005. Figure. 12. Market quotes for soybean oil. Source: Abiove. Cultivated energy forests Energy can be directly obtained from wood, charcoal or black liquor27 . Approximately 5% of the world energy demand is met through direct wood burning (Table 12). It is estimated that black liquor produced approximately 75 Mtep of energy in 1999, which would increase the share of wood in the world energy supply to 550 Mtep, lower than nuclear energy's share (650 Mtep), but higher than that of hydroelectric power and other biomass energy sources. Although regional variations make for rather unreliable data, the world's yearly per capita wood consumption is estimated at .3 to .4 m 3 of wood, or .1 tep. 27 Black liquor is a mixture of chemicals and dissolved wood remnants after sulfate pulp cooking. Black liquor is recovered during the wood pulp washing process in paper manufacturing, then concentrated by evaporation and burned to regenerate the cooking chemicals and generate energy. 90
Page 1 and 2:
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
Page 3 and 4:
Translated from the 2nd revised edi
Page 6:
Contents Executive Summary ........
Page 9 and 10:
the possibility of earmarking new l
Page 11 and 12:
systems and the quality of life. Th
Page 13 and 14:
solar radiation and plentiful manpo
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
Page 17 and 18:
a) Achieving sustainability of the
Page 19 and 20:
• Funding sources. The RD&I activ
Page 21 and 22:
Cross sectional actions There are d
Page 23 and 24:
• Developing technologies to add
Page 25 and 26:
of the systems and replacing fossil
Page 27 and 28:
• Improving the biodiesel quality
Page 29 and 30:
Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
Page 31 and 32:
Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34:
Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36:
International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38:
The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the actual possibiliti
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 56 and 57: • The growing energy demand and t
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71 and 72: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 73 and 74: uncertainties still remain: the cor
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81 and 82: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 83 and 84: those biodiesel plants has been app
Page 85 and 86: Table 11. Characteristics of oleagi
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98: The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100: The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102: sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106: carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108: Emission Reduction), a differentiat
Page 109 and 110: • Direct substitution of fossil f
Page 111 and 112: SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
Page 113 and 114: DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
Page 115 and 116: ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
Page 117 and 118: Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
show all

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?