Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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• The growing energy demand and the recent trend toward the use of energy biomass will be driven by the developing countries, whose new energy demand will attain 5 TW over the next 40 years. It is unimaginable that fossil sources could meet such demand because of the huge environmental impact, growing financial costs and depletion of petroleum reserves. • The environmental costs will gradually be incorporated into the price of fossil fuels as a result of the punitive taxes (pollution tax) imposed, which will progressively make them more expensive; this will further worsened by the natural prices increases caused by petroleum reserves depletion. • Public and private investments in the development of innovations that ensure the viability of renewable and sustainable sources of energy (with emphasis on the use of biomass) are growing exponentially. • There is also a growing number of international investors interested in long-term contract for the supply of biofuels, especially alcohol and, to a lesser extent, biodiesel and other biomass products. • Energy will become an important component of agricultural and agroindustrial production costs, making cogeneration progressively attractive. Table 4 lists the cost of electric power generation from different sources, by country in Western Europe, and shows that bioenergy is beginning to compete with coal and gas. Table 4. Electric power generation costs in Europe for diverse primary sources (Eurocents/kWh – 1990 prices). Country Austria Belgium Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Coal 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.2 Combine cycle gas 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.4 3.5 3.3 2.6 Bioenergy 55 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.8 Source: AEN/NEA – IEA – Projected costs of generating electricity. Wind 7.2 7.2 6.7 7.2 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.2 Solar 64.0 64.0 85.3 85.3 51.2 64.0 51.2 85.3 51.2 64.0 51.2 51.2 85.3 64.0 Nuclear 5.9 4.0 5.9 3.8 3.4 5.1l 4.6 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.9 4.7 4.7 4.3
Figure 5 shows renewable energy production in 1997, in various regions and countries of the world and the estimates for 2020. The following table (Table 5) shows the potential use of bioenergy according to a 1990 survey with projections for 2020 under two different scenarios. Figure 6 shows an expressive growth of biodiesel production in the world with two important moments in the curve inflexion for 1994 and 2000. Figure 5. Renewable energy supply by region (Mtep). Table 5. Estimated potential use of bioenergy (Mtep 1 ). Source Crop residues Wood Energy crops Animal wastes Urban wastes Total 1990 420 1,483 2,689 688 112 5,393 1 M = mega (10 6 ); tep = tons equivalent petroleum. 482 1,791 2,971 994 516 6,755 2020 Reference Alternative 499 2,025 3,535 1,004 516 7,569
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
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Translated from the 2nd revised edi
Page 6: Contents Executive Summary ........
Page 9 and 10: the possibility of earmarking new l
Page 11 and 12: systems and the quality of life. Th
Page 13 and 14: solar radiation and plentiful manpo
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. Agroenergy production cha
Page 17 and 18: a) Achieving sustainability of the
Page 19 and 20: • Funding sources. The RD&I activ
Page 21 and 22: Cross sectional actions There are d
Page 23 and 24: • Developing technologies to add
Page 25 and 26: of the systems and replacing fossil
Page 27 and 28: • Improving the biodiesel quality
Page 29 and 30: Biogas • Developing and evaluatin
Page 31 and 32: Institutional Partnerships in Agroe
Page 33 and 34: Creation of Embrapa Agroenergy The
Page 35 and 36: International Biofuel Market Ethano
Page 37 and 38: The purpose of these actions is to
Page 39 and 40: Supplying lines of credit adequate
Page 42 and 43: Annex 1 Current Energy Scenario and
Page 44 and 45: Figure1. International price of the
Page 46 and 47: Furthermore, the actual possibiliti
Page 48 and 49: This scenario of increasing scarcit
Page 50 and 51: produce approximately 4,500 EJ2 of
Page 52 and 53: Figure. 4. Area of expansion of ene
Page 54 and 55: The considerable variations in CO c
Page 58 and 59: Energy supply and demand scenarios
Page 60 and 61: The most promising of all fossil so
Page 62: Table 9. Evolution of biomass costs
Page 65 and 66: Agroenergy Production Chains The ag
Page 67 and 68: Alcohol is used mixed with gasoline
Page 69 and 70: Consequently, alcohol fueled more t
Page 71 and 72: in the sugar & alcohol production c
Page 73 and 74: uncertainties still remain: the cor
Page 75 and 76: medium-size farmers by favoring sug
Page 77 and 78: possibility of increasing their ove
Page 79 and 80: in Brazil's share of the internatio
Page 81 and 82: it would be necessary to set up at
Page 83 and 84: those biodiesel plants has been app
Page 85 and 86: Table 11. Characteristics of oleagi
Page 87 and 88: until the 17th year, in a productiv
Page 89 and 90: Using agricultural zoning Embrapa h
Page 91 and 92: A useful reference is an Abiove stu
Page 93 and 94: Production and productivity indicat
Page 95 and 96: the charcoal for the steel industry
Page 97 and 98: The anaerobic digestion process (bi
Page 99 and 100: The average electric power consumpt
Page 101 and 102: sizable proportion of the residue i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 14. Atmospheric carbon dioxi
Page 105 and 106: carbon from a CDM project varies fr
Page 107 and 108:
Emission Reduction), a differentiat
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• Direct substitution of fossil f
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SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C.; BALDISSER
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DOHANYOS, M.; KOSOVA, B.; ZABRANSKA
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ROBIN, P.; SOULOUMIAC, D.; OLIVEIRA
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Printing and finishing Embrapa Publ
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Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply - Embrapa

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