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28 Names English: Potato yam Scientific name: Dioscorea bulbifera L. Tok pisin: Synonyms: Tok ples: Plant family: Dioscoreaceae Description: A yam with a long smooth stemmed vine, round in cross section. It winds to the left. It does not have spines. The vine can climb up into trees and grow to long lengths. The leaves are large and round. They are pointed at the tip and round at the base. About 7 veins arise from the tip of the leaf stalk. Leaves can be 14-30 cm across and slightly longer than wide. This yam produces bulbils (potatoes) in the angles of the leaves along the vine. These are often flattened and can be grey brown or purple. Under the ground it has a smaller tuber normally covered with roots. The flowers are large. The male flowers are in spikes up to 20 cm long. The female spikes are usually in pairs. The fruit are winged and about 2.5 cm long by 1.5 cm across. The seeds have wings. The bulbils normally have few fibres through the tissue compared to some yams tubers. The flesh of many varieties is yellow. Distribution: A tropical plant. It will grow from the coast up to about 1700 m altitude in equatorial zones. It is common near the edge of grassland and forest at mid altitudes. Both wild and cultivated forms occur. It is common in the Philippines, Solomons and Papua New Guinea near secondary forest at low and medium altitudes. It is cultivated in Africa and the West Indies. In Nepal it grows to 2100 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 9-12. Cultivation: Either the bulbils off the vine, or the underground tubers are planted. Because the vines are long, training them up trees is convenient. The bulbils have to be stored for a period of time before they will sprout. The plant is annual and leaves die off for 1-4 months each year before re-sprouting from the tuber. Bulbils only grow shoots from one end unless the bulbil is cut into pieces. If the larger bulbils are cut, the cut surfaces should be dried and healed in a shady place for 2-3 days before planting. Bulbils are planted 8-12 cm below the surface and spacing can be 100 cm by 100 cm or variations of this. Normally nitrogen and potassium fertilisers give greater responses than phosphorus. Friable well-drained soils are most suitable. Often very little cultivation or mounding is done. A high level of organic matter improves yield. Staking is normally required but often trees or living stakes are used. Branched stakes 2 m high are suitable. They need to be strongly put in place as vine and tuber growth can be extensive and heavy. Production: Bulbils or aerial yams are produced as soon as leaves begin to unfold and continue until the plant reaches maturity. These aerial tubers often fall from the plant. Harvesting can start 3 months after planting but immature tubers have less starch. Underground tubers are normally not harvested until the leaves die back. Wounds and damage to the tuber surface normally heals naturally given dry aerated conditions. Some varieties have aerial tubers that are seasonally dormant and only grow after an extended period of storage. Others germinate relatively quickly. Use: The tubers are cooked and eaten. More commonly the aerial bulbils are eaten after cooking. Some kinds are bitter and inedible or at least require special processing and cooking. Some varieties are poisonous.
29 <strong>Food</strong> Value: Per 100 g edible portion Edible Moisture Energy Protein Calcium Iron proVit A proVit C Zinc part % KJ g mg mg µg mg mg Tubers Bulbils 70.8 357 2.7 3.1 78 0.4 Insects: Weevils chewing the leaves. Curculionidae (COL.) Eupholus spp. Diseases: Brown mould underneath leaf Fungus Cercospora ubi Racib Rust on leaves Fungus Uredo dioscoreae-sativae Sydow Pests: Importance: This yam is widely distributed in lowland areas of Papua New Guinea and is a supplementary starchy staple food.
Page 1: Food plants of Papua New Guinea A c
Page 4 and 5: 4 Dedication This book is dedicated
Page 8 and 9: Root and tuber crops and starchy st
Page 10 and 11: 10 Insects: Achaea janata (Linnaeus
Page 12 and 13: 12 Names English: Taro Scientific n
Page 14 and 15: 14 Names English: Chinese taro Scie
Page 16 and 17: 16 Names English: Swamp taro Scient
Page 18 and 19: 18 Insects: Aspidiella sacchari (Co
Page 20 and 21: 20 Use: The corm is cooked and eate
Page 22 and 23: 22 Food Value: Per 100 g edible por
Page 24 and 25: Insects: Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (
Page 26 and 27: 26 Names English: Lesser yam Scient
Page 30 and 31: 30 Names English: Five leaflet yam
Page 32 and 33: 32 Names English: White yam, White
Page 34 and 35: 34 Food Value: Per 100 g edible por
Page 36 and 37: 36 Henosepilachna haemorrhoea (Biel
Page 38 and 39: 38 Names English: Yam bean Scientif
Page 40 and 41: 40 Names English: Jerusalem articho
Page 42 and 43: 42 Names English: Anu, Peruvian nas
Page 44 and 45: 44 Names English: Banana, Plantain
Page 46 and 47: 46 Names English: Sago Scientific n
Page 48: 48 Names English: Solomon’s sago
Page 51 and 52: 51 Names English: Peanut Scientific
Page 53 and 54: 53 Names English: Winged bean Scien
Page 55 and 56: 55 Spodoptera litura Fab. Noctuidae
Page 57 and 58: 57 Names English: Yard long bean, S
Page 59 and 60: 59 Names English: Cowpea Scientific
Page 61 and 62: 61 Names English: Pigeon pea, Dhal
Page 63 and 64: 63 Names English: Soybean Scientifi
Page 65 and 66: 65 Names English: Lima bean Scienti
Page 67 and 68: 67 Cassena intermedia Jac. Chrysome
Page 69 and 70: 69 Lamprosema indica F. Pyralidae (
Page 71 and 72: 71 Names English: Sword bean Scient
Page 73 and 74: 73 Aulacophora similis Olivier Chry
Page 75 and 76: 75 Names English: Rice bean Scienti
Page 77 and 78: 77 Names English: Velvet bean Scien
Page 79 and 80:
79 Names English: D'Albertis creepe
Page 81 and 82:
81 Names English: Guar bean Scienti
Page 84 and 85:
Green leafy vegetables or Kumus 84
Page 86 and 87:
86 Insects: Cletus sp. Colobathrist
Page 88 and 89:
88 Names English: Grain Amaranth, Q
Page 90 and 91:
90 Names English: Spleen amaranth S
Page 92 and 93:
92 Names English: Native Amaranth S
Page 94 and 95:
94 Names English: Scientific name:
Page 96 and 97:
96 Names English: Spinach Joint fir
Page 98 and 99:
Names English: Water drop wort Scie
Page 100 and 101:
100 Names English: Blackberried nig
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
104 Names English: Highlands kapiak
Page 106 and 107:
106 Names English: Dye fig Scientif
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
114 Names English: Watercress Scien
Page 116 and 117:
116 Names English: Waterleaf Scient
Page 118 and 119:
118 Names English: Sweet leaf Scien
Page 120 and 121:
120 Names English: Leucaena Scienti
Page 122 and 123:
122 Names English: Hibiscus Scienti
Page 124 and 125:
124 Names English: Wandering Jew Sc
Page 126 and 127:
126 Names English: Indian coral tre
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
130 Names English: Purslane, Pigwee
Page 132 and 133:
132 Names English: Striped cucumber
Page 134 and 135:
Edible ferns 134 English name Tok P
Page 136 and 137:
136 Names English: Fern Scientific
Page 138 and 139:
138 Names English: Tree fern Scient
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
144 Names English: Climbing swamp f
Page 146 and 147:
146 Names English: Giant Creek Fern
Page 148 and 149:
148 Names English: Ladder fern Scie
Page 150 and 151:
150 Names English: Hairy Sword Fern
Page 152 and 153:
152 Names English: King fern, Giant
Page 154 and 155:
154 Names English: Bird’s Nest Fe
Page 156 and 157:
156 Names English: Adder’s Tongue
Page 158 and 159:
158 Names English: Parsley fern, Au
Page 160 and 161:
160 Names English: Swamp fern, Wate
Page 162 and 163:
162 Names English: Fern Scientific
Page 164 and 165:
164 Names English: Climbing maidenh
Page 166 and 167:
166
Page 168 and 169:
168 English name Tok Pisin Scientif
Page 170 and 171:
170 Insects: Agapophyta bipunctata
Page 172 and 173:
172 Names English: Betel nut Scient
Page 174 and 175:
174 Names English: Highland Betel n
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
178 Names English: Pejibaye, Peach
Page 180 and 181:
180 Names English: Wine palm, Palmy
Page 182 and 183:
182 Names English: Papuan white rat
Page 184 and 185:
184 Names English: Corypha palm Sci
Page 186 and 187:
186 Food Value: Per 100 g edible po
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
190 Names English: Fan palm Scienti
Page 192 and 193:
192 Names English: Black Palm Scien
Page 194 and 195:
194 Names English: Solitaire palm,
Page 196 and 197:
196 Names English: Traveller's palm
Page 198 and 199:
198 Names English: Claudie River La
Page 200 and 201:
Vegetables 200 English name Tok Pis
Page 202 and 203:
202 Parastasia guttulata Fairmaire
Page 204 and 205:
Food Value: Per 100 g edible portio
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
208 Names English: Snake gourd Scie
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
212 Insects: Amblypelta lutescens p
Page 214 and 215:
214 Names English: Pumpkin, Winter
Page 216 and 217:
216 Names English: Cucumber Scienti
Page 218 and 219:
218 Names English: Marrow, Pumpkin
Page 220 and 221:
220 Names English: Bottle gourd Sci
Page 222 and 223:
222 Names English: Smooth loofah Sc
Page 224 and 225:
224 Names English: Bitter cucumber
Page 226 and 227:
226 Names English: Spiny bitter cuc
Page 228 and 229:
228 Names English: Bok-choy Celery
Page 230 and 231:
230 Names English: Kohl rabi Scient
Page 232 and 233:
232 Names English: Broccoli Scienti
Page 234 and 235:
234 Names English: Chinese kale Sci
Page 236 and 237:
236 Names English: Bai cai, Petsai
Page 238 and 239:
238 Names English: Chinese radish S
Page 240 and 241:
240 Names English: Bulb onion Scien
Page 242 and 243:
242 Names English: Chives Scientifi
Page 244 and 245:
244 Names English: Leek Scientific
Page 246 and 247:
246 Names English: Celery Scientifi
Page 248 and 249:
248 Names English: Asparagus Scient
Page 250 and 251:
250 Diseases: Leaf spot Fungus Alte
Page 252 and 253:
252 Names English: Pea eggplant Sci
Page 254 and 255:
254 And Thanatephorus cucumeris Bro
Page 256 and 257:
256 Names English: Lettuce Scientif
Page 258 and 259:
Minor and less common vegetables 25
Page 260 and 261:
260 Names English: Parsley Scientif
Page 262 and 263:
262 Names English: New Guinea Edibl
Page 264 and 265:
264 Names English: Giant bamboo Sci
Page 266 and 267:
266 Names English: Endive Scientifi
Page 268 and 269:
268 Names English: Common bamboo Sc
Page 270 and 271:
270 Names English: Buckwheat Scient
Page 272 and 273:
272 Names English: Sunflower Scient
Page 274 and 275:
Grains and cereals 274 English name
Page 276 and 277:
276 Chilo suppressalis (Walker) Pyr
Page 278 and 279:
278 Names English: Wild rice Scient
Page 280 and 281:
280 Names English: Wheat Scientific
Page 282 and 283:
282 Names English: Job’s tears Sc
Page 284 and 285:
Waterlilies 284 English name Tok Pi
Page 286 and 287:
286 Names English: Giant waterlily,
Page 288 and 289:
288 Names English: Waterlily Scient
Page 290 and 291:
290 Names English: Blue Water lily
Page 292 and 293:
292 Nuts English name Tok Pisin Sci
Page 294 and 295:
294 stored in sealed containers for
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
302 Names English: Melville Island
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
308 Names English: Breadfruit Scien
Page 310 and 311:
310 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) C
Page 312 and 313:
312 Production: Jackfruit is a fast
Page 314 and 315:
314
Page 316 and 317:
316 cooked and eaten and the two ha
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
324 Names English: Java almond, Tro
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
332 Names English: Macadamia nut Sc
Page 334 and 335:
334 Names English: Polynesian chest
Page 336 and 337:
336 Names English: Nypa palm Scient
Page 338 and 339:
338 Names English: Cape nutmeg Scie
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
342 Names English: Queensland almon
Page 344 and 345:
344 Names English: Arnhem Land quan
Page 346 and 347:
346 Names English: Castanopsis ches
Page 348 and 349:
348 Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams
Page 350 and 351:
Minor and introduced nuts 350 Engli
Page 352 and 353:
The apple is used to make alcoholic
Page 354 and 355:
354 Names English: Fragrant screwpi
Page 356 and 357:
356 Names English: Pecan Scientific
Page 358 and 359:
358 Names English: Walnut Scientifi
Page 360 and 361:
360 Names English: Pistachio nut Sc
Page 362 and 363:
362 Names English: Java olive Scien
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
366
Page 368 and 369:
368 Fruit and other often sweet foo
Page 370 and 371:
370 Leaf eating insects Anomala com
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
374 Names English: Pineapple Scient
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
378 Diseases: Leaf spot Fungus Cerc
Page 380 and 381:
Food Value: Per 100 g edible portio
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
386 Names English: Cherimoya Scient
Page 388 and 389:
388 Names English: Atemoya, Custard
Page 390 and 391:
390 Graphium agamemnon L. Papilioni
Page 392 and 393:
392 Names English: Sweetsop Scienti
Page 394 and 395:
394 Names English: Pacific lychee S
Page 396 and 397:
396 Ceroplastes destructor Newstead
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
400 Names English: Golden apple, Sc
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
West Indian lime Citrus aurantifoli
Page 408 and 409:
408 Names English: Lime, West India
Page 410 and 411:
410 Names English: Orange, Sweet or
Page 412 and 413:
412 Names English: Citron Scientifi
Page 414 and 415:
414 Names English: Wild lime Scient
Page 416 and 417:
416 Names English: Clymenia Scienti
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
420 Names English: Tree tomato, Tam
Page 422 and 423:
422 Names English: Naranjilla Scien
Page 424 and 425:
424 Names English: Surinam cherry S
Page 426 and 427:
426 Names English: Watery rose appl
Page 428 and 429:
428 Names English: Java apple Scien
Page 430 and 431:
430 Names English: Pink satinash Sc
Page 432 and 433:
432 Fruit (Continued) English name
Page 434 and 435:
434 Names English: White apple Scie
Page 436 and 437:
436 Names English: Lady apple, Red
Page 438 and 439:
438 Names English: Governor’s plu
Page 440 and 441:
440 Names English: Coffee plum Scie
Page 442 and 443:
442 Names English: Red raspberry Sc
Page 444 and 445:
444 Names English: Molucca bramble
Page 446 and 447:
446 Names English: Rose-leaf brambl
Page 448 and 449:
448 Names English: Alpine strawberr
Page 450 and 451:
450 Names English: Purple passionfr
Page 452 and 453:
452 Names English: Banana passionfr
Page 454 and 455:
454 Names English: Sweet granadilla
Page 456 and 457:
456 Names English: Granadilla Scien
Page 458 and 459:
458 Names English: Toothed-leaved w
Page 460 and 461:
460 Names English: Canistel, Yellow
Page 462 and 463:
462 Names English: Peach Scientific
Page 464 and 465:
464 Names English: Durian Scientifi
Page 466 and 467:
466 Names English: Mangosteen Scien
Page 468 and 469:
468 Names English: Warren’s mango
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
472 Names English: Loquat Scientifi
Page 474 and 475:
474 Production: Seeds germinate aft
Page 476 and 477:
476 Names English: Horse mango Scie
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
480 Names English: European grape S
Page 482 and 483:
482 Names English: Salak, Snake fru
Page 484 and 485:
484 Names English: Santol Scientifi
Page 486 and 487:
486 Names English: Rambutan Scienti
Page 488 and 489:
488 Names English: Panama berry Sci
Page 490 and 491:
490 Names English: Mulberry Scienti
Page 492 and 493:
492 Names English: Indian mulberry
Page 494 and 495:
494 Names English: Garraway lime Sc
Page 496 and 497:
496 Names English: Fei banana Scien
Page 498 and 499:
498 Names English: Sapodilla Scient
Page 500 and 501:
500 Names English: Litchi, Lychee S
Page 502 and 503:
502 Names English: Langsat Scientif
Page 504 and 505:
504 Names English: Garuga Scientifi
Page 506 and 507:
506 Names English: Fig Scientific n
Page 508 and 509:
508 Names English: Velvet apple Sci
Page 510 and 511:
510 Names English: Longan Scientifi
Page 512 and 513:
512 Names English: Red beach, Golde
Page 514 and 515:
514 Names English: Black currant tr
Page 516 and 517:
516 Names English: Chinese laurel S
Page 518 and 519:
518 Names English: Broad leafed lil
Page 520 and 521:
520 Names English: Pineapple guava,
Page 522 and 523:
522 English name Tok Pisin Scientif
Page 524 and 525:
524 Names English: Oregano Scientif
Page 526 and 527:
526 Names English: Spearmint Scient
Page 528 and 529:
528 Names English: Dill Scientific
Page 530 and 531:
530 Names English: Chilli, Bird's e
Page 532 and 533:
532 Names English: Perilla Scientif
Page 534 and 535:
534 Names English: Native cardamon
Page 536 and 537:
536 Names English: Coriander Scient
Page 538 and 539:
538 Names English: Lemon balm Scien
Page 540 and 541:
540 Names English: Queensland Nutme
Page 542 and 543:
542 Names English: Tamarind Scienti
Page 544 and 545:
544 Names English: Betel pepper Sci
Page 546 and 547:
546 Names English: Thyme Scientific
Page 548 and 549:
548 Names English: Ginger Scientifi
Page 550 and 551:
550 Names English: Wild ginger Scie
Page 552 and 553:
552 Scientific name Page Asplenium
Page 554 and 555:
554 Scientific name Page Deeringia
Page 556 and 557:
556 Scientific name Page Manihot es
Page 558 and 559:
558 Scientific name Page Psidium gu
Page 560 and 561:
560 English name Page Adder’s ton
Page 562 and 563:
562 European chestnut 353 European
Page 564 and 565:
564 Oca 41 Oil palm 185 Okra 247 Ol
Page 566 and 567:
566 Sweetsop 392 Sword bean 71 Tama
Page 568:
Pao 307 Pao 305 Paragum 17 Peteta 3
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