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APPENDIX C, and Figure 1 below). Chi square values should be non-significant (p>0.05), RMSEA values should be less than 0.06, whereas CFI and NFI values should be 0.95 or more (Albright & Park, 2008). e12 e11 e10 e4 e3 e2 e1 Table 15: Model fit measures of the CFA Chi square df p CFI NFI RMSEA Hungarian 246.564 101 0.000 0.794 0.707 0.123 Swedish 241.241 101 0.000 0.783 0.692 0.125 Overall 375.757 101 0.000 0.802 0.753 0.121 Social Mobilizing Capacity Social Creation Capacity Figure 1: CFA of the Psychological Immune System in both samples Self-Efficacy Goal Orientation Problem Solving Capacity Social Monitoring Capacity ,77 Creative Self-Concept ,58 ,18 ,39 ,43 ,37 ,30 ,47 ,66 ,61 ,55 ,69 e5 Sense of Control e9 Change and Challenge Orientation ,62 ,88 ,76 ,43 ,16 ,40 e6 ,53 Sense of Self-Growth ,80 ,73 Monitoring-Creating Executing System Approach-Belief System ,48 e7 ,57 Sense of Coherence ,76 ,76 ,89 Self-Regulating System Chi square=375,757 df=101 p=,000 RMSEA=,121 CFI=,802 NFI=,753 e8 Positive Thinking ,73 ,55 ,58 ,53 Synchronicity e13 ,72 ,72 Impulse Control Emotional Control Irritability Control ,31 ,52 ,52 e14 e15 e16
4.6.3. Findings for Burnout and Personality In this study it was assumed that psychological immunity (as the personality factor) will have an effect on burnout. Since the psychological immunity has been shown to be higher in Sweden than in Hungary (Olah, Nagy & Toth, 2009), it was anticipated that the psychological immunity for the present Swedish nurses will be higher. It was also expected that the higher psychological immunity in the Swedish sample would give lower burnout scores for the Swedish nurses. According to this hypothesis, the mean differences in the psychological immunity subscales between the two different countries were checked and it was shown that the Swedish nurses had higher means for all of the 16 subscales except for the subscale Sense of Control, where the Hungarian nurses had a higher mean (M= 14.1, SD= 2.43 versus M= 13.3, SD= 1.92) (see Table 16 below and Table 59 in APPENDIX C and Diagram 10 below). Table 16: The means and standard deviations of PICI values in Hungary and Sweden Country Hungarian Swedish Mean St. Dev. Mean St. Dev. Positive Thinking 14.5 3.13 16.1 2.33 Sense of Control 14.1 2.43 13.3 1.92 Sense of Coherence 14.9 2.99 16.5 2.47 Creative Self-Concept 14.3 3.21 15.9 2.80 Sense of Self-Growth 14.8 2.92 16.2 2.38 Change and Challenge Orientation 13.8 3.21 15.4 2.94 Social Monitoring Capacity 13.3 3.25 14.6 2.51 Problem Solving Capacity 13.8 3.40 14.1 2.39 Self-Efficacy 15.4 2.58 15.4 2.31 Social Mobilizing Capacity 14.6 3.08 15.3 2.53 Social Creation Capacity 13.1 2.80 13.3 2.60 Synchronicity 14.5 3.23 15.1 2.66 Goal Orientation 15.9 2.79 16.6 2.21 Impulse Control 14.1 2.97 14.9 2.18 Emotional Control 12.2 3.37 14.6 2.56 Irritability Control 12.7 3.07 14.7 2.47
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University of Eötvös Lorand Hunga
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DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS; YOUR HARD
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ABSTRACT A great deal of research h
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3. METHOD……………………
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE
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1981). This questionnaire was and i
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oncology wards (Sherman, 2004). Esc
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(SWB). The meaning of SWB is how pe
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extent demographic variables, work-
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. THE THEOR
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different countries in Europe and t
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Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley & Benee
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nurse were both negatively connecte
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elated to stress levels and job sat
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Altun (2002) has pointed out that b
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Demerouti et al. (2005) is also arg
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Halbesleben & Buckley (2004) argued
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Brewer & Shapard (2004) conducted a
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the third dimension of the burnout
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Table 1. Amount of nurses being bur
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environmental variables at the hosp
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and stress levels could be differen
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about a patient’s treatment witho
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Potter (2006) conducted a literatur
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Lin, Hsu, Chao, Luh, Hung et al. (2
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at work are underprivileged in comp
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instructions from their supervisors
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number of years worked as a nurse w
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psychosomatic health, after demogra
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environment, and support from the s
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urnout. The factor which has been h
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Diener & Tov (2005, in Kitayama & C
Page 65 and 66: form of for example life satisfacti
Page 67 and 68: develop burnout (see for example La
Page 69 and 70: Simoni & Paterson (1997) have also
Page 71 and 72: the psychological immune system (Ol
Page 73 and 74: positive effect of social support i
Page 75 and 76: Several authors have shown the effe
Page 77 and 78: support especially important in rel
Page 79 and 80: (1999), Tummers et al. (2002), and
Page 81 and 82: According to Maslach (1982), when i
Page 83 and 84: 2.11. HOW CAN WE PREVENT BURNOUT? 2
Page 85 and 86: work-related safety in order to dec
Page 87 and 88: in the organization are not easy to
Page 89 and 90: at work, and on the nurses’ work-
Page 91 and 92: 3. METHOD 3.1 STUDY POPULATION The
Page 93 and 94: the head nurse at the second meetin
Page 95 and 96: • Satisfaction with Life scale (D
Page 97 and 98: assess people’s satisfaction with
Page 99 and 100: positive accomplishment in the nurs
Page 101 and 102: Goal Orientation 0.63 0.52 Impulse
Page 103 and 104: 23,71% Number of children 0-1 2-3 4
Page 105 and 106: It was shown that the Swedish nurse
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX 3); a robust Welch-test fo
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: ANOVA results of work stre
Page 111 and 112: In the second part of the second hy
Page 113 and 114: would be found in the Swedish sampl
Page 115: The Monitoring-Creating-Executing S
Page 119 and 120: Table 17: Robust Test of Equality o
Page 121 and 122: Approach-Belief System (r=0.260, p
Page 123 and 124: p
Page 125 and 126: Approach-Belief System (1.01) and t
Page 127 and 128: Marital status Table 23: Burnout me
Page 129 and 130: generalized to other hospitals in S
Page 131 and 132: feeling inexperienced would result
Page 133 and 134: sample. Another researcher who foun
Page 135 and 136: 5.3. BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION
Page 137 and 138: the findings in connection to life
Page 139 and 140: salaries of health care system pers
Page 141 and 142: urnout simply shows that the area o
Page 143 and 144: feel supported at home and feel the
Page 145 and 146: and that lower personality scores g
Page 147 and 148: connection between age and burnout.
Page 149 and 150: connection to them was not thought
Page 151 and 152: and young nurses working in the int
Page 153 and 154: extensively researched all around t
Page 155 and 156: what if the Hungarian nurses would
Page 157 and 158: immunity between different countrie
Page 159 and 160: care workers (usually nurses). In s
Page 161 and 162: more efficient if they would be dir
Page 163 and 164: Aries, M. & Ritter, I. Z. (1999). N
Page 165 and 166: Brooks I. & Swailes S. (2002). Anal
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Chang, E. M., Bidewell, J. W., Hunt
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Cronin-Stubbs, D. & Rooks, C. A. (1
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Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E. &
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Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. & Singh,
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Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Clarifying th
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Lakin, B., Leon, S. C. & Miller, S.
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Leiter, M. P. (1993). In Halbeslebe
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Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: a soci
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Murrells, T., Robinson, S. & Griffi
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Piko, B. F. (1999). Work-related st
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Sherman, D. W. (2004). Nurses’ St
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Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G. &
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Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (199
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a. Age…………..years old b. Wh
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6.I do not particularly like differ
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4) I am interested in how you feel
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APPENDIX C ORIGINAL SPSS OUTPUTS Se
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Cases Reliability Scale: ALPHA Case
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=pici7 pici23
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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Reliability Statistics Cronbach's A
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Section 6: Correlations of the test
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Emotional exhaustion_ mbi Depersona
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Table 11: Robust Tests of Equality
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ience d Worklo ad Stress related to
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Table 17: Coefficients(a) Unstandar
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Table 23: Excluded Variables(b) Par
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Table 30: Test of Homogeneity of Va
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a Predictors in the Model: (Constan
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5 6 country 4,870 ,772 ,342 6,305 ,
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Social support questionnaire ,145(b
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Being unprepaired and feeling inexp
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Social mobilizing capac. subscale_P
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Section 16: Correlations of the PIC
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Table 48: Correlations: (Group numb
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Positive thinking subscale_PIC I Se
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Positive thinking subscale_PICI Sen
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-C
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-
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Model 1 Variables Entered Work stre
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Change and Challenge orient. subsca
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Married -,160(c) -2,798 ,006 -,208
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Relationship with the patient’s r
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More than 5 years worked as a nurse
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Work and private life ,006(b) ,079
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Social creation capac. subscale_PIC
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6 7 Residual 6334,172 172 36,827 To
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Self-Efficacy subscale_PICI ,109(a)
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Significant other subscale_ social
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Stress related to tasks -,109(d) -1
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7 Age Relationship with patients Wo
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label Burnout
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country ss ws ls PIC Burnout PIC ,0
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Table 106: ECVI Model ECVI LO 90 HI
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coun try 2,41 8 dp -,723 ss ls PICI
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Table 120: tandardized Indirect Eff
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ment_mbi Emotional exhaustion_mbi D
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Personal accomplishment _mbi single
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2 Model 1 2 Married . a Dependent V
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Number of years at the current work
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edu Total How many years have you w
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Table 160: Chi-Square Tests Value d
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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** Correlation is significant at th
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label e12 2,40
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Goal
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Table 184: RMSEA Model RMSEA LO 90
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Table 192: Correlations: (Group num
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Self-
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Table 204: NCP Model NCP LO 90 HI 9
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