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depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Conflicts with colleagues and with family members, and responsibilities for the patients had significant outcome on nurses’ emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The reason why these variables did not show significant consequences on the nurses’ personal accomplishment could be that their intensity was low. It was shown that responsibilities over the patients care increased nurses’ emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment all at the same time. This might suggest that these variables, which make up the foundation of the nurses work, could work as emotionally draining but also personally rewarding the nurses. Strain between the nurses, her colleagues, and her patients were shown to cause stress for the nurses. The research confirmed that these two variables had different effects on the burnout, where weak collegial relationships had small effects on emotional exhaustion and weak patient relationships had strong effects on depersonalization. van der Shoot, Ogińska & Estryn-Behar (2003) measured the burnout in 10 different countries in their study and they showed that the burnout in nurses were quite high in all the 10 countries that took part in the research. The lowest scores in burnout were obtained for the Dutch nurses. However, this result was explained by the fact that the mean hours of work was the lowest in the Netherlands, 25 hours per week, which can be compared to almost 39 hours per week in Poland and 38 hours per week in Slovakia. The researchers found that an increase in motivation and a proneness to over-commit helped to increase the burnout scores in nurses. Also, as the levels of burnout increased in the samples of nurses, the nurses were more prone to leave their current workplaces. Country Total nurses Burnout nurses Belgium 4, 257 4, 195 Germany 3, 565 3, 520 Finland 3, 970 3, 926 France 5, 376 5, 330 United Kingdom 2, 578 2, 537 Italy 5, 645 5, 351 Norway 2, 733 2, 659 Netherlands 4, 019 3, 985 Poland 3, 263 3, 108 Slovakia 3, 396 3, 187
Table 1. Amount of nurses being burned out, from the total amount of nurses in the research, in 10 European countries (van der Shoot et al., 2003). Demir, Ulusoy & Ulusoy (2003) carried out a research to look at the burnout levels in 333 Turkish nurses and to look at which factors were influencing the nurses’ burnout outside their workplaces. The researchers’ hypothesis was that the conditions at the nurse’s workplace and their private lives would not influence the nurses’ burnout levels. When it comes to personal accomplishment the researchers found that the total length of work increased the levels of this burnout dimension and they also found that highest levels of personal accomplishment could be found among those nurses who had 16 or more years of nursing experience. There has been a general opinion among researchers that new nurses have generally higher levels of burnout since they cannot cope with stress to the same degree as older nurses (see for example Bryant, 1994). Demir (1999) has for example shown that the levels of depersonalization and personal accomplishment declined when nurses experience decreased. Also, Ergin (1993, in Demir, Ulusoy & Ulusoy, 2003) showed that the level of burnout increased in younger nurses with less working experience in comparison to older nurses with more working experience. In addition, Oehler, Davidson, Starr & Lee (1991) demonstrated that newly recruited and young nurses working in the intensive care unit obtained higher levels of burnout more quickly than nurses who had been working there for a longer time. Lastly, also Stewart & Arklie (1994) confirmed that nurses with less working experience were suffering from increased burnout levels. Thus, it can be said that according to these results, burnout is decreasing as the working experience is increasing. In the study conducted by Demir et al. (2003) it was found that nurse’s levels of emotional exhaustion were negatively influenced by not having appropriate equipment, the hospital not being clean, and by the order in the work environment. Also other researchers have shown that a lack of equipment has a negative effect on the quality of work performed by the nurses, which is reducing work satisfaction among nurses, and that the lack of equipment is increasing burnout levels (see for example Beemsterboer & Baum, 1984; Demir, 1999). Other factors which have been shown to have an affect on burnout levels have for example been workplace roles and tasks, where nurses who feel that it is not clear what kind of role they have at their workplace and nurses who are performing jobs which is not part of their duties are reporting increased levels of burnout (see for example Stewart & Arklie, 1994).
Page 1 and 2: University of Eötvös Lorand Hunga
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS; YOUR HARD
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT A great deal of research h
Page 7 and 8: 3. METHOD……………………
Page 9 and 10: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE
Page 11 and 12: 1981). This questionnaire was and i
Page 13 and 14: oncology wards (Sherman, 2004). Esc
Page 15 and 16: (SWB). The meaning of SWB is how pe
Page 17 and 18: extent demographic variables, work-
Page 19 and 20: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. THE THEOR
Page 21 and 22: different countries in Europe and t
Page 23 and 24: Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley & Benee
Page 25 and 26: nurse were both negatively connecte
Page 27 and 28: elated to stress levels and job sat
Page 29 and 30: Altun (2002) has pointed out that b
Page 31 and 32: Demerouti et al. (2005) is also arg
Page 33 and 34: Halbesleben & Buckley (2004) argued
Page 35 and 36: Brewer & Shapard (2004) conducted a
Page 37: the third dimension of the burnout
Page 41 and 42: environmental variables at the hosp
Page 43 and 44: and stress levels could be differen
Page 45 and 46: about a patient’s treatment witho
Page 47 and 48: Potter (2006) conducted a literatur
Page 49 and 50: Lin, Hsu, Chao, Luh, Hung et al. (2
Page 51 and 52: at work are underprivileged in comp
Page 53 and 54: instructions from their supervisors
Page 55 and 56: number of years worked as a nurse w
Page 57 and 58: psychosomatic health, after demogra
Page 59 and 60: environment, and support from the s
Page 61 and 62: urnout. The factor which has been h
Page 63 and 64: Diener & Tov (2005, in Kitayama & C
Page 65 and 66: form of for example life satisfacti
Page 67 and 68: develop burnout (see for example La
Page 69 and 70: Simoni & Paterson (1997) have also
Page 71 and 72: the psychological immune system (Ol
Page 73 and 74: positive effect of social support i
Page 75 and 76: Several authors have shown the effe
Page 77 and 78: support especially important in rel
Page 79 and 80: (1999), Tummers et al. (2002), and
Page 81 and 82: According to Maslach (1982), when i
Page 83 and 84: 2.11. HOW CAN WE PREVENT BURNOUT? 2
Page 85 and 86: work-related safety in order to dec
Page 87 and 88: in the organization are not easy to
Page 89 and 90:
at work, and on the nurses’ work-
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3. METHOD 3.1 STUDY POPULATION The
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the head nurse at the second meetin
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• Satisfaction with Life scale (D
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assess people’s satisfaction with
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positive accomplishment in the nurs
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Goal Orientation 0.63 0.52 Impulse
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23,71% Number of children 0-1 2-3 4
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It was shown that the Swedish nurse
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APPENDIX 3); a robust Welch-test fo
Page 109 and 110:
Table 8: ANOVA results of work stre
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In the second part of the second hy
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would be found in the Swedish sampl
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The Monitoring-Creating-Executing S
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4.6.3. Findings for Burnout and Per
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Table 17: Robust Test of Equality o
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Approach-Belief System (r=0.260, p
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p
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Approach-Belief System (1.01) and t
Page 127 and 128:
Marital status Table 23: Burnout me
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generalized to other hospitals in S
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feeling inexperienced would result
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sample. Another researcher who foun
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5.3. BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION
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the findings in connection to life
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salaries of health care system pers
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urnout simply shows that the area o
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feel supported at home and feel the
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and that lower personality scores g
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connection between age and burnout.
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connection to them was not thought
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and young nurses working in the int
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extensively researched all around t
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what if the Hungarian nurses would
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immunity between different countrie
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care workers (usually nurses). In s
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more efficient if they would be dir
Page 163 and 164:
Aries, M. & Ritter, I. Z. (1999). N
Page 165 and 166:
Brooks I. & Swailes S. (2002). Anal
Page 167 and 168:
Chang, E. M., Bidewell, J. W., Hunt
Page 169 and 170:
Cronin-Stubbs, D. & Rooks, C. A. (1
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Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E. &
Page 173 and 174:
Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. & Singh,
Page 175 and 176:
Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Clarifying th
Page 177 and 178:
Lakin, B., Leon, S. C. & Miller, S.
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Leiter, M. P. (1993). In Halbeslebe
Page 181 and 182:
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: a soci
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Murrells, T., Robinson, S. & Griffi
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Piko, B. F. (1999). Work-related st
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Sherman, D. W. (2004). Nurses’ St
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Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G. &
Page 191 and 192:
Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (199
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a. Age…………..years old b. Wh
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6.I do not particularly like differ
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4) I am interested in how you feel
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APPENDIX C ORIGINAL SPSS OUTPUTS Se
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Cases Reliability Scale: ALPHA Case
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=pici7 pici23
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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Reliability Statistics Cronbach's A
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Section 6: Correlations of the test
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Emotional exhaustion_ mbi Depersona
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Table 11: Robust Tests of Equality
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ience d Worklo ad Stress related to
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Table 17: Coefficients(a) Unstandar
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Table 23: Excluded Variables(b) Par
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Table 30: Test of Homogeneity of Va
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a Predictors in the Model: (Constan
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5 6 country 4,870 ,772 ,342 6,305 ,
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Social support questionnaire ,145(b
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Being unprepaired and feeling inexp
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Social mobilizing capac. subscale_P
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Section 16: Correlations of the PIC
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Table 48: Correlations: (Group numb
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Positive thinking subscale_PIC I Se
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Positive thinking subscale_PICI Sen
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-C
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-
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Model 1 Variables Entered Work stre
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Change and Challenge orient. subsca
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Married -,160(c) -2,798 ,006 -,208
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Relationship with the patient’s r
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More than 5 years worked as a nurse
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Work and private life ,006(b) ,079
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Social creation capac. subscale_PIC
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6 7 Residual 6334,172 172 36,827 To
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Self-Efficacy subscale_PICI ,109(a)
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Significant other subscale_ social
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Stress related to tasks -,109(d) -1
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7 Age Relationship with patients Wo
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label Burnout
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country ss ws ls PIC Burnout PIC ,0
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Table 106: ECVI Model ECVI LO 90 HI
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coun try 2,41 8 dp -,723 ss ls PICI
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Table 120: tandardized Indirect Eff
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ment_mbi Emotional exhaustion_mbi D
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Personal accomplishment _mbi single
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2 Model 1 2 Married . a Dependent V
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Number of years at the current work
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edu Total How many years have you w
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Table 160: Chi-Square Tests Value d
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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** Correlation is significant at th
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label e12 2,40
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Goal
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Table 184: RMSEA Model RMSEA LO 90
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Table 192: Correlations: (Group num
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Self-
Page 309:
Table 204: NCP Model NCP LO 90 HI 9
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