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emotional exhaustion but that depersonalization and personal accomplishment were also impacted positively, even if not as powerfully. The results also revealed that the MBSR intervention had a considerable beneficial effect on psychological distress and the intervention significantly affected the nurses’ mindful awareness.
3. METHOD 3.1 STUDY POPULATION The samples in this study were Hungarian and Swedish emergency nurses. Nurses were chosen as the target group of this research since nurses are thought of as a high risk group of burnout and stress (Tummers, Janssen, Landeweerd & Houkes, 2001). Emergency nurses especially have been pointed out as a group facing a series of psychosocial risk factors due to the nature of their work (Escriba-Aguir, Martin-Baena & Perez-Hoyos, 2006) and thus emergency nurses were chosen to be investigated in relation to burnout. Also, the literature has shown that burnout and stress levels could be different in relation to different hospital wards (Sherman, 2004). The reason why nurses from two different countries were included in this study was that it wanted to look at the phenomenon of burnout from a nation-based perspective. Also, since cross-cultural research on burnout is still thought of as rather new and since there is a need for more cross-cultural research on burnout (Halbesleben & Buckley, 2004), this study decided to contribute to this cross-cultural gap in the literature. Also, this study chose to include demographic variables, work-related factors, social support, personality factors, and life satisfaction, as possible variables affecting burnout in order to establish more concretely which factors are significant determinates if and when nurses are experiencing burnout. 3.1.1. The Hungarian sample 12 hospitals were contacted via e-mail in the area of Budapest and approximately after two weeks had passed, three hospitals had given a positive answer to the initial e-mail. After the two weeks had passed, the remaining nine hospitals were contacted via telephone. In each of the nine hospitals, the emergency wards were asked for and either the head nurse could be put on the line directly or a time was given when the head nurse could be reached. A time period of about 2 weeks passed until all the head nurses working at the remaining nine hospitals had been spoken to. Out of the nine hospitals contacted over the telephone, four of the head nurses informed me their inclination to participate in this study. Out of the five remaining hospitals, one hospital requested for an official letter from the university containing details about the present study and one hospital requested the director of the hospital to be asked for his
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University of Eötvös Lorand Hunga
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DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS; YOUR HARD
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ABSTRACT A great deal of research h
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3. METHOD……………………
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE
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1981). This questionnaire was and i
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oncology wards (Sherman, 2004). Esc
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(SWB). The meaning of SWB is how pe
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extent demographic variables, work-
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. THE THEOR
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different countries in Europe and t
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Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley & Benee
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nurse were both negatively connecte
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elated to stress levels and job sat
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Altun (2002) has pointed out that b
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Demerouti et al. (2005) is also arg
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Halbesleben & Buckley (2004) argued
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Brewer & Shapard (2004) conducted a
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the third dimension of the burnout
Page 39 and 40: Table 1. Amount of nurses being bur
Page 41 and 42: environmental variables at the hosp
Page 43 and 44: and stress levels could be differen
Page 45 and 46: about a patient’s treatment witho
Page 47 and 48: Potter (2006) conducted a literatur
Page 49 and 50: Lin, Hsu, Chao, Luh, Hung et al. (2
Page 51 and 52: at work are underprivileged in comp
Page 53 and 54: instructions from their supervisors
Page 55 and 56: number of years worked as a nurse w
Page 57 and 58: psychosomatic health, after demogra
Page 59 and 60: environment, and support from the s
Page 61 and 62: urnout. The factor which has been h
Page 63 and 64: Diener & Tov (2005, in Kitayama & C
Page 65 and 66: form of for example life satisfacti
Page 67 and 68: develop burnout (see for example La
Page 69 and 70: Simoni & Paterson (1997) have also
Page 71 and 72: the psychological immune system (Ol
Page 73 and 74: positive effect of social support i
Page 75 and 76: Several authors have shown the effe
Page 77 and 78: support especially important in rel
Page 79 and 80: (1999), Tummers et al. (2002), and
Page 81 and 82: According to Maslach (1982), when i
Page 83 and 84: 2.11. HOW CAN WE PREVENT BURNOUT? 2
Page 85 and 86: work-related safety in order to dec
Page 87 and 88: in the organization are not easy to
Page 89: at work, and on the nurses’ work-
Page 93 and 94: the head nurse at the second meetin
Page 95 and 96: • Satisfaction with Life scale (D
Page 97 and 98: assess people’s satisfaction with
Page 99 and 100: positive accomplishment in the nurs
Page 101 and 102: Goal Orientation 0.63 0.52 Impulse
Page 103 and 104: 23,71% Number of children 0-1 2-3 4
Page 105 and 106: It was shown that the Swedish nurse
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX 3); a robust Welch-test fo
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: ANOVA results of work stre
Page 111 and 112: In the second part of the second hy
Page 113 and 114: would be found in the Swedish sampl
Page 115 and 116: The Monitoring-Creating-Executing S
Page 117 and 118: 4.6.3. Findings for Burnout and Per
Page 119 and 120: Table 17: Robust Test of Equality o
Page 121 and 122: Approach-Belief System (r=0.260, p
Page 123 and 124: p
Page 125 and 126: Approach-Belief System (1.01) and t
Page 127 and 128: Marital status Table 23: Burnout me
Page 129 and 130: generalized to other hospitals in S
Page 131 and 132: feeling inexperienced would result
Page 133 and 134: sample. Another researcher who foun
Page 135 and 136: 5.3. BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION
Page 137 and 138: the findings in connection to life
Page 139 and 140: salaries of health care system pers
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urnout simply shows that the area o
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feel supported at home and feel the
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and that lower personality scores g
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connection between age and burnout.
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connection to them was not thought
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and young nurses working in the int
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extensively researched all around t
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what if the Hungarian nurses would
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immunity between different countrie
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care workers (usually nurses). In s
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more efficient if they would be dir
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Aries, M. & Ritter, I. Z. (1999). N
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Brooks I. & Swailes S. (2002). Anal
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Chang, E. M., Bidewell, J. W., Hunt
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Cronin-Stubbs, D. & Rooks, C. A. (1
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Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E. &
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Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. & Singh,
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Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Clarifying th
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Lakin, B., Leon, S. C. & Miller, S.
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Leiter, M. P. (1993). In Halbeslebe
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Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: a soci
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Murrells, T., Robinson, S. & Griffi
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Piko, B. F. (1999). Work-related st
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Sherman, D. W. (2004). Nurses’ St
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Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G. &
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Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (199
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a. Age…………..years old b. Wh
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6.I do not particularly like differ
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4) I am interested in how you feel
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APPENDIX C ORIGINAL SPSS OUTPUTS Se
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Cases Reliability Scale: ALPHA Case
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=pici7 pici23
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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Reliability Statistics Cronbach's A
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Section 6: Correlations of the test
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Emotional exhaustion_ mbi Depersona
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Table 11: Robust Tests of Equality
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ience d Worklo ad Stress related to
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Table 17: Coefficients(a) Unstandar
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Table 23: Excluded Variables(b) Par
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Table 30: Test of Homogeneity of Va
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a Predictors in the Model: (Constan
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5 6 country 4,870 ,772 ,342 6,305 ,
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Social support questionnaire ,145(b
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Being unprepaired and feeling inexp
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Social mobilizing capac. subscale_P
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Section 16: Correlations of the PIC
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Table 48: Correlations: (Group numb
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Positive thinking subscale_PIC I Se
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Positive thinking subscale_PICI Sen
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-C
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-
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Model 1 Variables Entered Work stre
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Change and Challenge orient. subsca
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Married -,160(c) -2,798 ,006 -,208
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Relationship with the patient’s r
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More than 5 years worked as a nurse
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Work and private life ,006(b) ,079
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Social creation capac. subscale_PIC
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6 7 Residual 6334,172 172 36,827 To
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Self-Efficacy subscale_PICI ,109(a)
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Significant other subscale_ social
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Stress related to tasks -,109(d) -1
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7 Age Relationship with patients Wo
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label Burnout
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country ss ws ls PIC Burnout PIC ,0
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Table 106: ECVI Model ECVI LO 90 HI
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coun try 2,41 8 dp -,723 ss ls PICI
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Table 120: tandardized Indirect Eff
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ment_mbi Emotional exhaustion_mbi D
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Personal accomplishment _mbi single
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2 Model 1 2 Married . a Dependent V
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Number of years at the current work
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edu Total How many years have you w
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Table 160: Chi-Square Tests Value d
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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** Correlation is significant at th
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label e12 2,40
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Goal
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Table 184: RMSEA Model RMSEA LO 90
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Table 192: Correlations: (Group num
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Self-
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Table 204: NCP Model NCP LO 90 HI 9
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