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egulating subsystem (SRS) it stabilizes the approaching, monitoring, creating, and executing aspects of a person in a way that it regulates those feelings that stands in the way of carrying out those actions which have been planned. For a person to be able to self-regulate in an effective way, he/she needs to control the approaching, monitoring, creating, and executing behaviours as much as possible, and regulate them as much as they are required to. According to Olah (2005) the psychological immune system can be related to burnout in that people who are experiencing burnout should report low scores on most of the scales of the Psychological Immune Competence Inventory (PICI) (op. cit.). Thus, low burnout should be related to high levels on the self-regulating subsystem and with positive monitoring. When it comes to the area of connecting burnout to personality, this dissertation is unique since it is using the psychological immune system as the personality dimension. It is offering a new approach in the study of burnout by looking at the 16 different personality components and the three personality subsystems related to psychological immunity in Swedish and Hungarian emergency nurses. By doing so this dissertation is offering a new explanation of a possible protective personality factor in the study of burnout. Since no previous research has been found in connection to the psychological immune system when comparing Swedish and Hungarian emergency nurses’ burnout levels, this dissertation is contributing with a new direction to the existing burnout literature and research. 2.9. SOCIAL SUPPORT 2.9.1. Social support related to health Karasek & Theorell (1990, in Bradley & Cartwright, 2002) looked into to the area of health and psychological demands, in their demand-control model. They argued that increased levels of psychological demands together with decreased levels of opportunities to make decisions can be connected to poor health outcomes. Johnson & Hall (1988) also agreed with this assumption of Karasek & Theorell’s model (op. cit.) however, they included social support into the model and named it demand-control-support model. According to these researchers the social support in the expanded model is standing for a general helpful collegial social interaction with supervisors and colleagues. Also Rose, Ahuja & Jones (2006) argued for a
positive effect of social support in that that if a person is receiving higher social support he/she has an enhanced psychological well-being. According to Bradley & Cartwright (2002) social support has been widely recognized as being a mediator between work stressors and work stress outcomes. Social support at ones workplace has been well accepted as a variable related to work stress. To better understand the concept of social support at a person’s workplace, one can look at the job demand-control model of stress. The previously mentioned model says that an increased job strain is a direct result of low social support, high work demand, and low control (Karasek & Theorell, 1990). If one looks at social support and health in general, one can see that there is evidence for that social support has an effect on health by looking at data from epidemiological studies (Dean, Holst, Kreiner, Schoenborn & Wilson, 1994). According to Bradley & Cartwright (2002) one can say that the research on social support comes from a universal theory of social support where researchers have used variables like for example attendance to church and marital status as substitute variables for looking at social support and to explain social integration in the society. Another approach which has been used to look at social support has been a more qualitative one. This approach is using many different ways of defining social support, all the way from using global perspectives of the concept to multidimensional models which are more specific in their explanations of social support (e.g., emotional support, informational support, network support etc). According to Veile & Bauman (1992, in Bradley & Cartwright, 2002) social support can be interpreted in many different ways and has been done so in the literature, and the concept has been used to describe characteristics of people, the environment or the interaction between these two. Shumaker & Brownell (1984) stated that the majority of the research done in the field of social support and health has assumed that social support has a beneficial effect on health. However, the process by which this influence is said to be positive is not well-known. Rationalization of how social support is influencing health has been taken from two different models of social support, the direct model of social support and the indirect (also called the buffer model) model of social support. The effect that social support has on health can be looked on at different levels, like for example at a physiological level and at a social level. The physiological level for example states that the social support itself gives a person opportunities for attachments and relationships (Fiske, 1998) and that those attachments and
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University of Eötvös Lorand Hunga
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DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS; YOUR HARD
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ABSTRACT A great deal of research h
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3. METHOD……………………
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE
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1981). This questionnaire was and i
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oncology wards (Sherman, 2004). Esc
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(SWB). The meaning of SWB is how pe
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extent demographic variables, work-
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. THE THEOR
Page 21 and 22: different countries in Europe and t
Page 23 and 24: Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley & Benee
Page 25 and 26: nurse were both negatively connecte
Page 27 and 28: elated to stress levels and job sat
Page 29 and 30: Altun (2002) has pointed out that b
Page 31 and 32: Demerouti et al. (2005) is also arg
Page 33 and 34: Halbesleben & Buckley (2004) argued
Page 35 and 36: Brewer & Shapard (2004) conducted a
Page 37 and 38: the third dimension of the burnout
Page 39 and 40: Table 1. Amount of nurses being bur
Page 41 and 42: environmental variables at the hosp
Page 43 and 44: and stress levels could be differen
Page 45 and 46: about a patient’s treatment witho
Page 47 and 48: Potter (2006) conducted a literatur
Page 49 and 50: Lin, Hsu, Chao, Luh, Hung et al. (2
Page 51 and 52: at work are underprivileged in comp
Page 53 and 54: instructions from their supervisors
Page 55 and 56: number of years worked as a nurse w
Page 57 and 58: psychosomatic health, after demogra
Page 59 and 60: environment, and support from the s
Page 61 and 62: urnout. The factor which has been h
Page 63 and 64: Diener & Tov (2005, in Kitayama & C
Page 65 and 66: form of for example life satisfacti
Page 67 and 68: develop burnout (see for example La
Page 69 and 70: Simoni & Paterson (1997) have also
Page 71: the psychological immune system (Ol
Page 75 and 76: Several authors have shown the effe
Page 77 and 78: support especially important in rel
Page 79 and 80: (1999), Tummers et al. (2002), and
Page 81 and 82: According to Maslach (1982), when i
Page 83 and 84: 2.11. HOW CAN WE PREVENT BURNOUT? 2
Page 85 and 86: work-related safety in order to dec
Page 87 and 88: in the organization are not easy to
Page 89 and 90: at work, and on the nurses’ work-
Page 91 and 92: 3. METHOD 3.1 STUDY POPULATION The
Page 93 and 94: the head nurse at the second meetin
Page 95 and 96: • Satisfaction with Life scale (D
Page 97 and 98: assess people’s satisfaction with
Page 99 and 100: positive accomplishment in the nurs
Page 101 and 102: Goal Orientation 0.63 0.52 Impulse
Page 103 and 104: 23,71% Number of children 0-1 2-3 4
Page 105 and 106: It was shown that the Swedish nurse
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX 3); a robust Welch-test fo
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: ANOVA results of work stre
Page 111 and 112: In the second part of the second hy
Page 113 and 114: would be found in the Swedish sampl
Page 115 and 116: The Monitoring-Creating-Executing S
Page 117 and 118: 4.6.3. Findings for Burnout and Per
Page 119 and 120: Table 17: Robust Test of Equality o
Page 121 and 122: Approach-Belief System (r=0.260, p
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p
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Approach-Belief System (1.01) and t
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Marital status Table 23: Burnout me
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generalized to other hospitals in S
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feeling inexperienced would result
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sample. Another researcher who foun
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5.3. BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION
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the findings in connection to life
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salaries of health care system pers
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urnout simply shows that the area o
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feel supported at home and feel the
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and that lower personality scores g
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connection between age and burnout.
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connection to them was not thought
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and young nurses working in the int
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extensively researched all around t
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what if the Hungarian nurses would
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immunity between different countrie
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care workers (usually nurses). In s
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more efficient if they would be dir
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Aries, M. & Ritter, I. Z. (1999). N
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Brooks I. & Swailes S. (2002). Anal
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Chang, E. M., Bidewell, J. W., Hunt
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Cronin-Stubbs, D. & Rooks, C. A. (1
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Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E. &
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Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. & Singh,
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Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Clarifying th
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Lakin, B., Leon, S. C. & Miller, S.
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Leiter, M. P. (1993). In Halbeslebe
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Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: a soci
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Murrells, T., Robinson, S. & Griffi
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Piko, B. F. (1999). Work-related st
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Sherman, D. W. (2004). Nurses’ St
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Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G. &
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Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (199
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a. Age…………..years old b. Wh
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6.I do not particularly like differ
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4) I am interested in how you feel
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APPENDIX C ORIGINAL SPSS OUTPUTS Se
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Cases Reliability Scale: ALPHA Case
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=pici7 pici23
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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Reliability Statistics Cronbach's A
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Section 6: Correlations of the test
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Emotional exhaustion_ mbi Depersona
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Table 11: Robust Tests of Equality
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ience d Worklo ad Stress related to
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Table 17: Coefficients(a) Unstandar
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Table 23: Excluded Variables(b) Par
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Table 30: Test of Homogeneity of Va
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a Predictors in the Model: (Constan
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5 6 country 4,870 ,772 ,342 6,305 ,
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Social support questionnaire ,145(b
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Being unprepaired and feeling inexp
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Social mobilizing capac. subscale_P
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Section 16: Correlations of the PIC
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Table 48: Correlations: (Group numb
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Positive thinking subscale_PIC I Se
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Positive thinking subscale_PICI Sen
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-C
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-
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Model 1 Variables Entered Work stre
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Change and Challenge orient. subsca
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Married -,160(c) -2,798 ,006 -,208
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Relationship with the patient’s r
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More than 5 years worked as a nurse
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Work and private life ,006(b) ,079
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Social creation capac. subscale_PIC
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6 7 Residual 6334,172 172 36,827 To
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Self-Efficacy subscale_PICI ,109(a)
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Significant other subscale_ social
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Stress related to tasks -,109(d) -1
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7 Age Relationship with patients Wo
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label Burnout
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country ss ws ls PIC Burnout PIC ,0
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Table 106: ECVI Model ECVI LO 90 HI
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coun try 2,41 8 dp -,723 ss ls PICI
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Table 120: tandardized Indirect Eff
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ment_mbi Emotional exhaustion_mbi D
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Personal accomplishment _mbi single
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2 Model 1 2 Married . a Dependent V
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Number of years at the current work
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edu Total How many years have you w
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Table 160: Chi-Square Tests Value d
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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** Correlation is significant at th
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label e12 2,40
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Goal
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Table 184: RMSEA Model RMSEA LO 90
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Table 192: Correlations: (Group num
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Self-
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Table 204: NCP Model NCP LO 90 HI 9
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