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(op. cit.) also reported that the nurses in his sample felt that many of the times the family of the patient would exhibit too high demands about a patient’s treatment without having the medical background to do so. The families sometimes would have requirements which the nurses felt they were not able to meet and that a lack of understanding from the family made the nurses work much more difficult. The Swedish and Hungarian nurses in the present study could not express such a detailed explanation in relation to relationship with the patient’s relatives since the present study was a quantitative one using a questionnaire, however they did express the relationship with the patient’s relatives to cause emotional exhaustion and thus making their work much more difficult. In the present study it was found that personal accomplishment could not be associated with work stress for either the Swedish or the Hungarian nurses. This was an interesting finding which has also been confirmed by Garrosa et al. (2006) who stated that when looking at a lack of personal accomplishment, they could not find significant associations between this dimension and workload. Garrosa et al. (op. cit.) could not find an association between personal accomplishment and specifically workload; however the present study failed to find a connection between personal accomplishment and work-related stress in general. Even though, previous research gives an indication of personal accomplishment maybe having a minor connection to work-related stress, and maybe especially workload. The situation seems to be different for emotional exhaustion, where Garrosa et al. (op. cit.) found that it was the emotional exhaustion dimension which had the main amount of explained variance in relation to work stressors. This holds true also for the present study, where it was shown that emotional exhaustion was the most sensitive to the work stress factors in both the Swedish and Hungarian nurses. Other researchers have also found emotional exhaustion to be highly related to work-related stress factors (see for example Cherniss, 1980; Lindblom et al., 2006; Maslach & Jackson, 1981; Posig & Kickul, 2003). Overall, it seems like work-related factors have a significant connection to burnout in the present study and also in previous studies, and it has been shown by Garrosa et al. (2006) that approximately 20% of the three dimensions of the burnout were explained by the work stressors in their study.
5.3. BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION Hypothesis 3: Life satisfaction was investigated in this study and the differences in life satisfaction scores was expected to be positively related to burnout. Since it has been shown that life satisfaction is higher in Sweden than in Hungary (Veenhoven, 2008), it was expected that higher life satisfaction scores would be found in this Swedish sample, and that this would be related to lower burnout scores for the Swedish nurses. Thus, it was anticipated that life satisfaction would serve as a protective factor for the Swedish nurses. In connection to the third hypothesis it was shown that life satisfaction was higher in the Swedish sample than in the Hungarian sample and this difference was highly significant. Since it was found that life satisfaction was higher in the Swedish sample than in the Hungarian sample, and since this difference was highly significant, the third hypothesis was supported. Also, it was shown that country was one of the variables which highly determined life satisfaction in this sample of Hungarian and Swedish nurses. This result has also been supported by Veenhoven (2008) who showed that life satisfaction in the Swedish population is higher than in the Hungarian population. The Swedish nursing population in this study is representing the Swedish population mentioned by Veenhoven (op. cit.), since there could not be found specific life satisfaction scores for Swedish and Hungarian nursing population. However, the fact that the Swedish nurses seems to be more satisfied with their lives in this study is maybe not surprising after it was also shown that the Hungarian nurses scored higher in relation to work-related stress and burnout. Diener & Tov (2005) have suggested that life satisfaction can be reliably measured across nations and that the life satisfaction concept in itself is understood in an equally way in many different countries. Thus, the results in this study can be considered to be reliable and that the life satisfaction scores for the Swedish and Hungarian nurses in this study are reflecting the actual life satisfaction for the nurses in this study. The explanation lying behind the results could be the same political changes which have been mentioned in relation to the Hungarian nurses scoring higher on burnout. Thus, as mentioned before Hungary has gone through difficult political times in the past and the consequences of these changes are still noticeable in the everyday life of the Hungarian people. According to Piko (2006) Hungary is a society in the middle of a post-socialist transformation and in this society the health care system is going through many changes due to an enduring reform. Due to the post-socialist transformation, many of the changes taking place have probably disadvantageous effects for the Hungarian people and maybe for nurses
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University of Eötvös Lorand Hunga
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DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS; YOUR HARD
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ABSTRACT A great deal of research h
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3. METHOD……………………
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE
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1981). This questionnaire was and i
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oncology wards (Sherman, 2004). Esc
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(SWB). The meaning of SWB is how pe
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extent demographic variables, work-
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. THE THEOR
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different countries in Europe and t
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Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley & Benee
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nurse were both negatively connecte
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elated to stress levels and job sat
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Altun (2002) has pointed out that b
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Demerouti et al. (2005) is also arg
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Halbesleben & Buckley (2004) argued
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Brewer & Shapard (2004) conducted a
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the third dimension of the burnout
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Table 1. Amount of nurses being bur
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environmental variables at the hosp
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and stress levels could be differen
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about a patient’s treatment witho
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Potter (2006) conducted a literatur
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Lin, Hsu, Chao, Luh, Hung et al. (2
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at work are underprivileged in comp
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instructions from their supervisors
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number of years worked as a nurse w
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psychosomatic health, after demogra
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environment, and support from the s
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urnout. The factor which has been h
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Diener & Tov (2005, in Kitayama & C
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form of for example life satisfacti
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develop burnout (see for example La
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Simoni & Paterson (1997) have also
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the psychological immune system (Ol
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positive effect of social support i
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Several authors have shown the effe
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support especially important in rel
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(1999), Tummers et al. (2002), and
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According to Maslach (1982), when i
Page 83 and 84: 2.11. HOW CAN WE PREVENT BURNOUT? 2
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Page 89 and 90: at work, and on the nurses’ work-
Page 91 and 92: 3. METHOD 3.1 STUDY POPULATION The
Page 93 and 94: the head nurse at the second meetin
Page 95 and 96: • Satisfaction with Life scale (D
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Page 99 and 100: positive accomplishment in the nurs
Page 101 and 102: Goal Orientation 0.63 0.52 Impulse
Page 103 and 104: 23,71% Number of children 0-1 2-3 4
Page 105 and 106: It was shown that the Swedish nurse
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX 3); a robust Welch-test fo
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: ANOVA results of work stre
Page 111 and 112: In the second part of the second hy
Page 113 and 114: would be found in the Swedish sampl
Page 115 and 116: The Monitoring-Creating-Executing S
Page 117 and 118: 4.6.3. Findings for Burnout and Per
Page 119 and 120: Table 17: Robust Test of Equality o
Page 121 and 122: Approach-Belief System (r=0.260, p
Page 123 and 124: p
Page 125 and 126: Approach-Belief System (1.01) and t
Page 127 and 128: Marital status Table 23: Burnout me
Page 129 and 130: generalized to other hospitals in S
Page 131 and 132: feeling inexperienced would result
Page 133: sample. Another researcher who foun
Page 137 and 138: the findings in connection to life
Page 139 and 140: salaries of health care system pers
Page 141 and 142: urnout simply shows that the area o
Page 143 and 144: feel supported at home and feel the
Page 145 and 146: and that lower personality scores g
Page 147 and 148: connection between age and burnout.
Page 149 and 150: connection to them was not thought
Page 151 and 152: and young nurses working in the int
Page 153 and 154: extensively researched all around t
Page 155 and 156: what if the Hungarian nurses would
Page 157 and 158: immunity between different countrie
Page 159 and 160: care workers (usually nurses). In s
Page 161 and 162: more efficient if they would be dir
Page 163 and 164: Aries, M. & Ritter, I. Z. (1999). N
Page 165 and 166: Brooks I. & Swailes S. (2002). Anal
Page 167 and 168: Chang, E. M., Bidewell, J. W., Hunt
Page 169 and 170: Cronin-Stubbs, D. & Rooks, C. A. (1
Page 171 and 172: Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E. &
Page 173 and 174: Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. & Singh,
Page 175 and 176: Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Clarifying th
Page 177 and 178: Lakin, B., Leon, S. C. & Miller, S.
Page 179 and 180: Leiter, M. P. (1993). In Halbeslebe
Page 181 and 182: Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: a soci
Page 183 and 184: Murrells, T., Robinson, S. & Griffi
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Piko, B. F. (1999). Work-related st
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Sherman, D. W. (2004). Nurses’ St
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Taris, T. W., Schreurs, P. J. G. &
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Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R. (199
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a. Age…………..years old b. Wh
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6.I do not particularly like differ
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4) I am interested in how you feel
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APPENDIX C ORIGINAL SPSS OUTPUTS Se
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Cases Reliability Scale: ALPHA Case
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=pici7 pici23
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Cases Case Processing Summary N % V
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Reliability Statistics Cronbach's A
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Section 6: Correlations of the test
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Emotional exhaustion_ mbi Depersona
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Table 11: Robust Tests of Equality
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ience d Worklo ad Stress related to
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Table 17: Coefficients(a) Unstandar
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Table 23: Excluded Variables(b) Par
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Table 30: Test of Homogeneity of Va
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a Predictors in the Model: (Constan
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5 6 country 4,870 ,772 ,342 6,305 ,
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Social support questionnaire ,145(b
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Being unprepaired and feeling inexp
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Social mobilizing capac. subscale_P
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Section 16: Correlations of the PIC
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Table 48: Correlations: (Group numb
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Positive thinking subscale_PIC I Se
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Positive thinking subscale_PICI Sen
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-C
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Approach-Belief System Monitoring-
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Model 1 Variables Entered Work stre
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Change and Challenge orient. subsca
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Married -,160(c) -2,798 ,006 -,208
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Relationship with the patient’s r
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More than 5 years worked as a nurse
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Work and private life ,006(b) ,079
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Social creation capac. subscale_PIC
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6 7 Residual 6334,172 172 36,827 To
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Self-Efficacy subscale_PICI ,109(a)
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Significant other subscale_ social
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Stress related to tasks -,109(d) -1
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7 Age Relationship with patients Wo
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label Burnout
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country ss ws ls PIC Burnout PIC ,0
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Table 106: ECVI Model ECVI LO 90 HI
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coun try 2,41 8 dp -,723 ss ls PICI
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Table 120: tandardized Indirect Eff
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ment_mbi Emotional exhaustion_mbi D
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Personal accomplishment _mbi single
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2 Model 1 2 Married . a Dependent V
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Number of years at the current work
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edu Total How many years have you w
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Table 160: Chi-Square Tests Value d
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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Death, dying Conflic ts with doctor
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** Correlation is significant at th
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Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label e12 2,40
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Goal
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Table 184: RMSEA Model RMSEA LO 90
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Table 192: Correlations: (Group num
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APPMONSYS CREEXSYS SELFREGSYS Self-
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Table 204: NCP Model NCP LO 90 HI 9
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