Mechanisms of Olfaction in Insects - ResearchSpace@Auckland ...

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Identification of putative odorant receptors from Epiphyas postvittana 124 Of the four potential candidate PRs identified from E. postvittana based on amino acid identity and sex-biased expression, the full length cDNA was obtained for only EpOR34. Seven TM domains are predicted for EpOR34 by a consensus using seven different prediction programs, comparable to the predicted TM domains obtained for EpOR1, 2 and 3; and keeping with the notion of seven TM domains for moth ORs. An alignment of the predicted TM domains of these four E. postvittana ORs show that the TM regions are conserved across the four ORs. Furthermore the general locations of the predicted TMs of the E. postvittana ORs align with the predicted TM domain regions of the H. virescens ORs (Krieger et al., 2002) and a consensus of the B. mori homologues. This indicates that the relative positions of the TM domains in ORs may be conserved across the Lepidoptera. A short C-terminus was predicted by both SPLIT and HMMTOP, comparable to the short C-terminus predicted in topologies of EpOR1, EpOR2 and EpOR3, perhaps a feature conserved in insects (Jordon, 2006). Some Drosophila ORs have also been shown to have short C-termini (Clyne et al., 1999; Gao and Chess, 1999; Dobritsa et al., 2003; Kiely, 2008). This could just be an artefact of the prediction algorithms used and only the solved structure of such a protein will be able to confirm this theoretical observation. Finally, the stage has been set for identification and characterisation of the PRs of E. postvittana, with four candidates PRs being identified. Further work into the tissue localisation through in situ hybridisation experiments and functional characterisation either using in vivo or in vitro characterisation assays will confirm the roles of these receptors in E. postvittana olfaction.
5.1 Introduction 5 Concluding Discussion Moths of the order Lepidoptera have implications as pests of the agricultural and horticultural industries of countries the world over. Feeding by larvae on and damaging leaves and fruits of important agricultural crops have vast economic impact. These pests have thus far been dealt with using chemical sprays, biological controls and mating disruption, however, the never ending resistance to these agents and impact of insecticides on human health call for the development of improved, sustainable control measures. Studies on insect reproduction and host selection have shed light on the involvement of the olfactory system in the survival and reproduction of insects. For example, mate attraction studies have shown pheromones can be used for pest control (Suckling and Karg, 1999). Olfaction has thus become the forefront in the study of insect pests for development of new control strategies. The mechanisms involved in odorant reception at the molecular level are still not fully understood, however, individual proteins involved in this system are beginning to be identified and their specific roles deduced. A better understanding of the functioning of the olfactory system as a whole will lead to sustained pest control. The light brown apple moth is a very important agricultural pest of the New Zealand economy as a zero tolerance of egg, larvae, pupae and adult moth is required for all exports. With an agricultural based economy, appropriate control measures have to be in place to meet this stringent control measure.
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Abstract Abstract Olfaction or the
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
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Contents v Contents Abstract……
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Contents 4.2.5 Degenerate PCR .....
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List of Figures List of Figures Fig
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List of Tables List of Tables Table
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List of Abbreviations gDNA Genomic
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1.1 General overview 1 General Intr
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General Introduction 3 moth in loca
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General Introduction 5 Figure 1.1:
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General Introduction 7 1.5 Componen
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General Introduction 9 OBPs have al
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General Introduction 11 A model has
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General Introduction 15 Tanaka et a
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General Introduction 17 Table 1.1:
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General Introduction 21 et al., 200
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General Introduction 23 the attract
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General Introduction 25 leaves and
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General Introduction 29 Expression
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General Introduction 31 BmOr2 HvOr2
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General Introduction 33 for lepidop
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Functional characterisation of Epip
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3.1 Introduction 3 The roles of Epi
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Page 163 and 164: References 147 Ansebo, L., Ignell,
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Page 171 and 172: References 155 Hrdy, I., F. Kuldova
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Page 175 and 176: References 159 Krieger, J., Große-
Page 177 and 178: References 161 Lopez-Gomez, R. and
Page 179 and 180: References 163 Miura, N., Nakagawa,
Page 181 and 182: References 165 Pell, J. K., Macaula
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Page 187 and 188: References 171 Turner, C. T., Davy,
Page 189 and 190: References 173 Vogt, R. G., Riddifo
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References 175 Widmayer, P., Heifet
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